KVO在OC中是实现键值(key-value-observing)观察的方式,在设计模式中是典型的观察者模式,当被观察者的键值发生改变时会通知到事先添加的观察者,在app开发中经常被使用,达到事半功倍的效果。但同时KVO在使用的过程中有许多需要特变注意的地方,稍有不慎就会导致app崩溃,不得不让人刮目相看。到底是怎么回事儿呢,下面根据个人的使用情况一一道来。
使用KVO
定义2个NSObject子类对象ObjectA, ObjectB,并分别添加valueA和valueB的属性
@interface ObjectA : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger valueA;
@end
@interface ObjectB : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger valueB;
@end
用ObjectB的对象实例objectB来观察ObjectA实例的valueA的变化,当发生变化打印对象的新值
@implementation ObjectB
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change context:(void *)context {
if(![object isKindOfClass:[ObjectA class]]) {
return;
}
if(![keyPath isEqualToString:@"valueA"]) {
return;
}
NSLog(@"ObjectA valueA changed:%@", change);
}
@end
self.objectA = [ObjectA new];
self.objectB = [ObjectB new];
[self.objectA addObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil];
self.objectA.valueA = 20;
[self.objectA removeObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA"];
执行后objectA的valueA被修改为20的时候,观察者objectB会得到通知并打印其变化:
2018-11-02 10:11:08.867329+0800 KVOTestDemo[485:73437] ObjectA valueA changed:{
kind = 1;
new = 20;
}
KVO原理
KVO的实现是基于iOS runtime机制的isa-swizzling,当一个对象的属性被注册观察者时,会生成一个中间类继承自此类,然后将类的isa指针指向新生成的子类,这样被观察的对象就变成了这个中间类,同时重写了属性的setter方法,当新对象的属性发生变化时,则会依次通知注册的观察者对象。
苹果在这里给出了简单解释
注意点
重复添加观察者
连续对objectA同一属性valueA添加观察者objectB是可以的,但是也要保证在移除观察者的时候也要移除2次,不然可能会引发崩溃,因为不同iOS系统版本表现不一致,后面会提到:
//重复添加观察者
self.objectA = [ObjectA new];
self.objectB = [ObjectB new];
[self.objectA addObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil];
[self.objectA addObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil];
self.objectA.valueA = 20;
[self.objectA removeObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA"];
[self.objectA removeObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA"];
self.objectB = nil;
self.objectA = nil;
观察者会被调用2次:
2018-11-03 16:34:08.492202+0800 KVOTestDemo[972:235154] ObjectA valueA changed:{
kind = 1;
new = 20;
}
2018-11-03 16:34:08.492281+0800 KVOTestDemo[972:235154] ObjectA valueA changed:{
kind = 1;
new = 20;
}
移除的观察者需要移除2次,不然会引发崩溃:
//重复添加观察者
self.objectA = [ObjectA new];
self.objectB = [ObjectB new];
[self.objectA addObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil];
[self.objectA addObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil];
self.objectA.valueA = 20;
[self.objectA removeObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA"];
// [self.objectA removeObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA"];
self.objectB = nil;
self.objectA = nil;
在objectA销毁时因为还存在观察者而导致崩溃
2018-11-03 16:29:31.139120+0800 KVOTestDemo[958:233655] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInternalInconsistencyException', reason: 'An instance 0x17001d720 of class ObjectA was deallocated while key value observers were still registered with it.
删除不存在的观察者
//移除不存在的观察者
self.objectA = [ObjectA new];
self.objectB = [ObjectB new];
self.objectA.valueA = 20;
[self.objectA removeObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA"];
objectA并没有添加objectB为观察者,而直接去移除其观察者会导致崩溃。
2018-11-03 16:39:47.369455+0800 KVOTestDemo[979:236927] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSRangeException', reason: 'Cannot remove an observer <ObjectB 0x170017840> for the key path "valueA" from <ObjectA 0x170017830> because it is not registered as an observer.'
所以添加很删除观察者应该成对出现,互相匹配,才能保证KVO使用的正确稳定性。
被观察者销毁时还存在观察者
//被观察者销毁时还存在有未移除的观察者
self.objectA = [ObjectA new];
self.objectB = [ObjectB new];
[self.objectA addObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil];
self.objectA.valueA = 20;
self.objectA = nil;
此例中,objectA添加了观察者objectB,但是直到objectA销毁时也没有移除此观察者,测试在iOS10及其之前系统会导致崩溃,但是iOS11后系统做了兼容,所以并不会崩溃。
iOS10上面的崩溃如下:
2018-11-03 17:05:42.101695+0800 KVOTestDemo[989:241126] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInternalInconsistencyException', reason: 'An instance 0x17001f8d0 of class ObjectA was deallocated while key value observers were still registered with it.
这点值得注意,因为开发者往往在较高的iOS系统上面开发测试,而忽略了不同版本之间的差异,或者系统覆盖测试不完全,则可能导致APP崩溃。在ARC开发中开发者可能越来越少的去关注对象释放的时机,如果被观察的对象提前于观察者释放同样可能导致崩溃。
移除一个已经销毁的观察者
这种情况等同于移除一个非观察者对象,同样都会导致崩溃:
//移除一个已经销毁的观察者
self.objectA = [ObjectA new];
self.objectB = [ObjectB new];
[self.objectA addObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil];
self.objectA.valueA = 20;
self.objectB = nil;
[self.objectA removeObserver:self.objectB forKeyPath:@"valueA"];
self.objectA = nil;
出现崩溃:
2018-11-03 17:11:20.322089+0800 KVOTestDemo[40637:2785015] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSRangeException', reason: 'Cannot remove an observer <(null) 0x0> for the key path "valueA" from <ObjectA 0x600002bb0d30> because it is not registered as an observer.'
所以一个对象如果作为观察者,那么在该对象dealloc前应当被移除。
总结
- 1.KVO在使用时添加观察者和移除观察者应到成对出现
- 2.被观察者在销毁前应当移除所有的观察者,iOS10以下会崩溃,iOS11以上不会崩溃,坑点!
- 3.一个对象如果作为观察者,在该对象dealloc前应当被移除,否则会导致崩溃
看吧KVO真是让人刮目相看,看似功能强大,使用简单,但却暗藏杀机,稍有不慎便会导致APP崩溃,那么如何安全的使用KVO呢?
不妨试试Facebook的开源库KVOController
//FBKVOController使用起来更安全更简单
self.objectA = [ObjectA new];
self.objectB = [ObjectB new];
[self.objectB.KVOController observe:self.objectA keyPath:@"valueA" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew block:^(id _Nullable observer, id _Nonnull object, NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> * _Nonnull change) {
NSLog(@"ObjectA valueA changed:%@", change);
}];
self.objectA.valueA = 20;
self.objectA = nil;
self.objectB = nil;
以上问题都迎刃而解啦!测试demo在这里Github