Machine Learning A Probabilistic Perspective exercise2.1

Description:

Probabilities are sensitive to the form of the question that was used to generate the answer. (Source: Minka.) My neighbor has two children. Assuming the gender of a child is like a coin flip, it is most likely, a priori, that my neighbor has one boy and one girl, with probability 1/2. The other possibilities—two boys or two girls—have probabilities 1/4 and 1/4.

a. Suppose I ask him whether he has any boys and he says yes. What is the possibility that one child is a girl?

b. Suppose instead that I happen to see one of his children run by, and it is a boy. What is the porbability that the other child is a girl?

 

初看这俩问题简直就是一样,但是细分析是不一样的。

假设起始的样本空间为GG,BB,BG,GB(用G代表girl,B为boy)。

a.由于知道其中一个为男孩,那么样本空间由GG,BB,BG,GB变为BB,BG和GB(已经毙掉了GG这个情况),那么可知P(one child is a girl)=2/3

b.第二个问题和第一个问题不同之处就是样本空间是不一样的。对于样本空间GG,BB,BG,GB,我们可以看出写这个样本空间实际上考虑了先后顺序。这个先后顺序就是前面那个字母我们认为是第一个孩子的属性,第二个字母认为是第二个孩子的属性。第一个问题和第二个问题的不同之处就是要分情况来看,而这个情况就是看到的是哪一个。如果看到的是第一个那么样本空间变成BB,BG,对第二种情况是相似的。第二种和第一种的本质区别就是:在空间中BG和GB是不能同时出现的,而导致这个的因素就是前提看到的是那个孩子。第二个问题的概率是1/2.

 

对于这个问题还有个简单的理解:第一种情况是抛两枚硬币,GG不行,剩下的三种情况两种满足,所以第一题答案是2/3;第二种情况,抛两枚硬币,我盖住一枚然后你看到的一枚是正面,我问你我盖住的硬币是反面的概率是多少。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/meow371/p/5180541.html

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Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning series) Today’s Web-enabled deluge of electronic data calls for automated methods of data analysis. Machine learning provides these, developing methods that can automatically detect patterns in data and then use the uncovered patterns to predict future data. This textbook offers a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to the field of machine learning, based on a unified, probabilistic approach. The coverage combines breadth and depth, offering necessary background material on such topics as probability, optimization, and linear algebra as well as discussion of recent developments in the field, including conditional random fields, L1 regularization, and deep learning. The book is written in an informal, accessible style, complete with pseudo-code for the most important algorithms. All topics are copiously illustrated with color images and worked examples drawn from such application domains as biology, text processing, computer vision, and robotics. Rather than providing a cookbook of different heuristic methods, the book stresses a principled model-based approach, often using the language of graphical models to specify models in a concise and intuitive way. Almost all the models described have been implemented in a MATLAB software package–PMTK (probabilistic modeling toolkit)–that is freely available online. The book is suitable for upper-level undergraduates with an introductory-level college math background and beginning graduate students.

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