在一年的Android自学中,Canvas一直是我能避且避的类,甚至不惜封装自己的绘图库来替代它。
如今回首,虐我千万次的Canvas也不过如此,静下心看看,其实也没有想象中的那么糟糕。
就像曾经等级30的我去打点等级40的副本(Canvas)非常吃力,现在等级50的我回来吊打它一样。
所以朋友,遇到承受不了的困扰,不要太沮丧,去别的地方刷怪升级,一旦境界提升了,早晚可以"报仇雪恨"
Android技术栈C模块
,第一篇正式开讲:
如果将View、Canvas、Paint、Coder(编写代码的人)做个类比:
那么Canvas是一个黑匣子里的白纸,它的特性是可以添加图层和平移,旋转、缩放、斜切等,最重要的就是它的n种drawXXX...
Paint是绘制用的画笔,它的特性是提供绘制工具与制定画笔的特殊效果(如笔头Cap,线接方式Join,六种Effect)
View则是让黑匣子变成透明的视口,也是我们最熟悉。那Coder就是在操纵画笔的在白纸上绘制的人,是最核心的
一、前期准备:
1.自定义View中的canvas:
说起Canvas对象,貌似很少去new它,更多的是在自定义控件时的Ondraw方法里回调有canvas对象
public class CanvasView extends View {
public CanvasView(Context context) {
this(context, null);
}
public CanvasView(Context context, @Nullable AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
init();
}
private void init() {
//TODO init 初始化
}
@Override
protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
super.onDraw(canvas);
//TODO drawGrid 绘制网格
//TODO drawCoo 绘制坐标系
}
}
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这里值得提一下:onDarw中尽量不要创建对象,因为视图更新都会走onDarw(),而不断开辟空间
2.准备网格与坐标系
如果要演示绘制,这两者必不可少,放在analyze包里
实现效果:给出坐标原点后会自动绘制坐标系以及网格和数字
1).使用方式:
//成员变量
private Paint mGridPaint;//网格画笔
private Point mWinSize;//屏幕尺寸
private Point mCoo;//坐标系原点
//TODO init 初始化:release:
//准备屏幕尺寸
mWinSize = new Point();
mCoo = new Point(500, 500);
Utils.loadWinSize(getContext(), mWinSize);
mGridPaint = new Paint(Paint.ANTI_ALIAS_FLAG);
//TODO drawGrid 绘制网格:release:
HelpDraw.drawGrid(canvas, mWinSize, mGridPaint);
//TODO drawCoo 绘制坐标系:release:
HelpDraw.drawCoo(canvas, mCoo, mWinSize, mGridPaint);
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2).网格--路径辅助:com.toly1994.c.view.analyze.HelpPath#gridPath
/**
* 绘制网格:注意只有用path才能绘制虚线
*
* @param step 小正方形边长
* @param winSize 屏幕尺寸
*/
public static Path gridPath(int step, Point winSize) {
Path path = new Path();
for (int i = 0; i < winSize.y / step + 1; i++) {
path.moveTo(0, step * i);
path.lineTo(winSize.x, step * i);
}
for (int i = 0; i < winSize.x / step + 1; i++) {
path.moveTo(step * i, 0);
path.lineTo(step * i, winSize.y);
}
return path;
}
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2).网格--绘制:com.toly1994.c.view.analyze.HelpDraw#drawGrid
/**
* 绘制网格
* @param canvas 画布
* @param winSize 屏幕尺寸
* @param paint 画笔
*/
public static void drawGrid(Canvas canvas, Point winSize, Paint paint) {
//初始化网格画笔
paint.setStrokeWidth(2);
paint.setColor(Color.GRAY);
paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.STROKE);
//设置虚线效果new float[]{可见长度, 不可见长度},偏移值
paint.setPathEffect(new DashPathEffect(new float[]{10, 5}, 0));
canvas.drawPath(HelpPath.gridPath(50, winSize), paint);
}
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3).辅助--获取屏幕尺寸:com.toly1994.c.view.analyze.Utils#loadWinSize
/**
* 获得屏幕高度
*
* @param ctx 上下文
* @param winSize 屏幕尺寸
*/
public static void loadWinSize(Context ctx, Point winSize) {
WindowManager wm = (WindowManager) ctx.getSystemService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE);
DisplayMetrics outMetrics = new DisplayMetrics();
if (wm != null) {
wm.getDefaultDisplay().getMetrics(outMetrics);
}
winSize.x = outMetrics.widthPixels;
winSize.y = outMetrics.heightPixels;
}
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4).坐标系--路径:com.toly1994.c.view.analyze.HelpPath#cooPath
/**
* 坐标系路径
*
* @param coo 坐标点
* @param winSize 屏幕尺寸
* @return 坐标系路径
*/
public static Path cooPath(Point coo, Point winSize) {
Path path = new Path();
//x正半轴线
path.moveTo(coo.x, coo.y);
path.lineTo(winSize.x, coo.y);
//x负半轴线
path.moveTo(coo.x, coo.y);
path.lineTo(coo.x - winSize.x, coo.y);
//y负半轴线
path.moveTo(coo.x, coo.y);
path.lineTo(coo.x, coo.y - winSize.y);
//y负半轴线
path.moveTo(coo.x, coo.y);
path.lineTo(coo.x, winSize.y);
return path;
}
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5).坐标系--绘制:com.toly1994.c.view.analyze.HelpDraw#drawCoo
/**
* 绘制坐标系
* @param canvas 画布
* @param coo 坐标系原点
* @param winSize 屏幕尺寸
* @param paint 画笔
*/
public static void drawCoo(Canvas canvas, Point coo, Point winSize, Paint paint) {
//初始化网格画笔
paint.setStrokeWidth(4);
paint.setColor(Color.BLACK);
paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.STROKE);
//设置虚线效果new float[]{可见长度, 不可见长度},偏移值
paint.setPathEffect(null);
//绘制直线
canvas.drawPath(HelpPath.cooPath(coo, winSize), paint);
//左箭头
canvas.drawLine(winSize.x, coo.y, winSize.x - 40, coo.y - 20, paint);
canvas.drawLine(winSize.x, coo.y, winSize.x - 40, coo.y + 20, paint);
//下箭头
canvas.drawLine(coo.x, winSize.y, coo.x - 20, winSize.y - 40, paint);
canvas.drawLine(coo.x, winSize.y, coo.x + 20, winSize.y - 40, paint);
//为坐标系绘制文字
drawText4Coo(canvas, coo, winSize, paint);
}
/**
* 为坐标系绘制文字
*
* @param canvas 画布
* @param coo 坐标系原点
* @param winSize 屏幕尺寸
* @param paint 画笔
*/
private static void drawText4Coo(Canvas canvas, Point coo, Point winSize, Paint paint) {
//绘制文字
paint.setTextSize(50);
canvas.drawText("x", winSize.x - 60, coo.y - 40, paint);
canvas.drawText("y", coo.x - 40, winSize.y - 60, paint);
paint.setTextSize(25);
//X正轴文字
for (int i = 1; i < (winSize.x - coo.x) / 50; i++) {
paint.setStrokeWidth(2);
canvas.drawText(100 * i + "", coo.x - 20 + 100 * i, coo.y + 40, paint);
paint.setStrokeWidth(5);
canvas.drawLine(coo.x + 100 * i, coo.y, coo.x + 100 * i, coo.y - 10, paint);
}
//X负轴文字
for (int i = 1; i < coo.x / 50; i++) {
paint.setStrokeWidth(2);
canvas.drawText(-100 * i + "", coo.x - 20 - 100 * i, coo.y + 40, paint);
paint.setStrokeWidth(5);
canvas.drawLine(coo.x - 100 * i, coo.y, coo.x - 100 * i, coo.y - 10, paint);
}
//y正轴文字
for (int i = 1; i < (winSize.y - coo.y) / 50; i++) {
paint.setStrokeWidth(2);
canvas.drawText(100 * i + "", coo.x + 20, coo.y + 10 + 100 * i, paint);
paint.setStrokeWidth(5);
canvas.drawLine(coo.x, coo.y + 100 * i, coo.x + 10, coo.y + 100 * i, paint);
}
//y负轴文字
for (int i = 1; i < coo.y / 50; i++) {
paint.setStrokeWidth(2);
canvas.drawText(-100 * i + "", coo.x + 20, coo.y + 10 - 100 * i, paint);
paint.setStrokeWidth(5);
canvas.drawLine(coo.x, coo.y - 100 * i, coo.x + 10, coo.y - 100 * i, paint);
}
}
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二、Canvas绘制基础图形(如果觉得简单可跳过)
以前看到一个类有很多方法都有些不耐烦,这么多,怎么记得住。
现在看到一个类有很多方法,--哇,太好了,哈哈,竟然连这方法都有,作者真给力省的我实现了。
Canvas图形绘制的API,所有的我分了一下类:如下(颜色、点、线、矩形、类圆、文字、图片、其他)
下面一一介绍:
1.绘制颜色
/**
* 绘制颜色(注意在画坐标系前绘制,否则后者覆盖)
* @param canvas
*/
private void drawColor(Canvas canvas) {
// canvas.drawColor(Color.parseColor("#E0F7F5"));
// canvas.drawARGB(255, 224, 247, 245);
// 三者等价
canvas.drawRGB(224, 247, 245);
}
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2.绘制点
/**
* 绘制点
* @param canvas
*/
private void drawPoint(Canvas canvas) {
//绘制点
canvas.drawPoint(100, 100, mRedPaint);
绘制一组点,坐标位置由float数组指定(必须是2的倍数个)
canvas.drawPoints(new float[]{
400, 400, 500, 500,
600, 400, 700, 350,
800, 300, 900, 300
}, mRedPaint);
}
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3.绘制直线
/**
* 绘制线
* @param canvas
*/
private void drawLine(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawLine(500, 200, 900, 400, mRedPaint);
//绘制一组点,坐标位置由float数组指定(必须是4的倍数个)
canvas.drawLines(new float[]{
200, 200, 400, 200,
400, 200, 200, 400,
200, 400, 400, 400
}, mRedPaint);
}
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4.绘制矩形
/**
* 绘制矩形
*
* @param canvas
*/
private void drawRect(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawRect(100, 100, 500, 300, mRedPaint);
//等价上行
// Rect rect = new Rect(100, 100, 500, 300);
// canvas.drawRect(rect,mRedPaint);
//(左上右下X圆角,Y圆角)
canvas.drawRoundRect(100 + 500, 100, 500 + 500, 300, 50, 50, mRedPaint);
}
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5.绘制类圆
/**
* 绘制类圆
*
* @param canvas
*/
private void drawLikeCircle(Canvas canvas) {
//绘制圆(矩形边界,画笔)
canvas.drawCircle(650, 200, 100, mRedPaint);
// canvas.drawOval(100, 100, 500, 300, mRedPaint);
//等价上行
//绘制椭圆(矩形边界,画笔)
RectF rect = new RectF(100, 100, 500, 300);
canvas.drawOval(rect, mRedPaint);
RectF rectArc = new RectF(100 + 500, 100, 500 + 500, 300);
//绘制圆弧(矩形边界,开始角度,扫过角度,使用中心?边缘两点与中心连线区域:边缘两点连线区域)
canvas.drawArc(rectArc, 0, 90, true, mRedPaint);
RectF rectArc2 = new RectF(100 + 500 + 300, 100, 500 + 500 + 300, 300);
//绘制圆弧(矩形边界,开始角度,扫过角度,使用中心?边缘两点与中心连线区域:边缘两点连线区域)
canvas.drawArc(rectArc2, 0, 90, false, mRedPaint);
}
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6.绘制图片
/**
* 绘制图片
* @param canvas
*/
private void drawBitmap(Canvas canvas) {
//1.定点绘制图片
Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.mipmap.menu_bg);
canvas.drawBitmap(bitmap, 100, 100, mRedPaint);
//2.适用变换矩阵绘制图片
Matrix matrix = new Matrix();
//设置变换矩阵:缩小3倍,斜切0.5,右移150,下移100
matrix.setValues(new float[]{
1, 0.5f, 1500 * 3,
0, 1, 100 * 3,
0, 0, 3
});
canvas.drawBitmap(bitmap, matrix, mRedPaint);
//3.图片适用矩形区域不剪裁
RectF rectf1 = new RectF(100 + 900, 100, 600 + 900, 400);
canvas.drawBitmap(bitmap, null, rectf1, mRedPaint);
//4.图片裁剪出的矩形区域
Rect rect = new Rect(300, 300, 400, 400);
//图片适用矩形区域
RectF rectf2 = new RectF(100 + 900, 100 + 400, 600 + 900, 400 + 400);
canvas.drawBitmap(bitmap, rect, rectf2, mRedPaint);
}
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7.绘制Picture
1).一开始挺纳闷Picture不就是图片吗?然后翻了一下API:
/**
* A Picture records drawing calls (via the canvas returned by beginRecording)
* and can then play them back into Canvas (via {@link Picture#draw(Canvas)} or
* {@link Canvas#drawPicture(Picture)}).For most content (e.g. text, lines, rectangles),
* drawing a sequence from a picture can be faster than the equivalent API
* calls, since the picture performs its playback without incurring any
* method-call overhead.
*
* <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> Prior to API level 23 a picture cannot
* be replayed on a hardware accelerated canvas.</p>
一个Picture类记录绘制(通过beginRecording方法返回的Canvas),可以展示这个Canvas
到其他Canvas上(通过Picture#draw(Canvas)或者Canvas#drawPicture(Picture)),
对于大多数的内容,从picture绘制都要比相应的API要快速,因为picture的展现不会招致方法调用开销
在API级别23之前,无法在硬件加速画布上展示Picture(自译,仅供参考)
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2).通过一段代码你就能很清楚它是干嘛用的
如果绘制一个品字,需要这样:
private void drawPicture(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawRect(100, 0, 200, 100, mRedPaint);
canvas.drawRect(0, 100, 100, 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.drawRect(200, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
}
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如果想要复用这个品字形,大多数人知道,平移画布,复制粘贴,
对于少量的代码,这还可以接收,如果是非常复杂的图形,每次绘制重复的内容,会浪费性能
private void drawPicture(Canvas canvas) {
//创建Picture对象
Picture picture = new Picture();
//确定picture产生的Canvas元件的大小,并生成Canvas元件
Canvas recodingCanvas = picture.beginRecording(canvas.getWidth(), canvas.getHeight());
//Canvas元件的操作
recodingCanvas.drawRect(100, 0, 200, 100, mRedPaint);
recodingCanvas.drawRect(0, 100, 100, 200, mRedPaint);
recodingCanvas.drawRect(200, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
//Canvas元件绘制结束
picture.endRecording();
canvas.save();
canvas.drawPicture(picture);//使用picture的Canvas元件
canvas.translate(0, 300);
picture.draw(canvas);//同上:使用picture的Canvas元件
canvas.drawPicture(picture);
canvas.translate(350, 0);
canvas.drawPicture(picture);
canvas.restore();
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Picture相当于先拍一张照片,并且是在别的Canvas上,在别的Canvas上,在别的Canvas上!
重要的话说三遍:当需要的时候在贴在当前的canvas上,picture绘制的优势就是节能减排
当有大量复杂内容需要复用,Picture这个的canvas元件是不二的选择:
8.绘制文字(文字的效果有Paint决定,细节将在Paint篇介绍)
/**
* 绘制文字
*
* @param canvas
*/
private void drawText(Canvas canvas) {
mRedPaint.setTextSize(100);
canvas.drawText("张风捷特烈--Toly", 200, 300, mRedPaint);
}
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无聊的代码终于敲完了,进入正题。
三、Canvas的画布变换
以前对Canvas的变换很厌倦,现在看了键值是神技
作为一代PS大神的我,理解Canvas状态保存与恢复本应易如反掌,为何最近才豁然开朗
1.先看下面的图形:将坐标系原点设为(500,500)
private void stateTest(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawLine(mCoo.x + 500, mCoo.y + 200, mCoo.x + 900, mCoo.y + 400, mRedPaint);
// canvas.rotate(45);
canvas.drawRect(mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.y + 300, mCoo.y + 200, mRedPaint);
}
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问题来了,想画一个斜45度的矩形怎么办?
貌似没有斜矩形的API,一个一个点找,貌似太麻烦了,我把纸转一下不就行了吗!
纸就是Canvas,看一下API,果然有rotate()方法,怀着忐忑的心情:
private void stateTest(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawLine(mCoo.x + 500, mCoo.y + 200, mCoo.x + 900, mCoo.y + 400, mRedPaint);
canvas.rotate(45);
canvas.drawRect(mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.y + 300, mCoo.y + 200, mRedPaint);
}
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果然转得天翻地覆
2.图层的概念
PS中的图层可谓PS的精华,它保证了在一个图层中绘制而不会影响到其他的图层
在Canvas中每次的save()都存将先前的状态保存下来,产生一个新的绘图层,
我们可以随心所欲地地画而不会影响其他已画好的图,最后用restore()将这个图层合并到原图层
这像是栈的概念,每次save(),新图层入栈(注意可以save多次),只有栈顶的层可以进行操作,restore()弹栈
3.旋转画布:rotate()
private void stateTest(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawLine(mCoo.x + 500, mCoo.y + 200, mCoo.x + 900, mCoo.y + 400, mRedPaint);
canvas.drawRect(mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.y + 300, mCoo.y + 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.save();//保存canvas状态
//(角度,中心点x,中心点y)
canvas.rotate(45, mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.y + 100);
mRedPaint.setColor(Color.parseColor("#880FB5FD"));
canvas.drawRect(mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.x + 100, mCoo.y + 300, mCoo.y + 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.restore();//图层向下合并
}
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4.平移画布:translate():写一堆mCoo,也就是让画布移动一下而已
效果必变,是不是清爽许多
private void stateTest(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.save();
canvas.translate(mCoo.x, mCoo.y);//将原点平移到坐标系原点
canvas.drawLine(500, 200, 900, 400, mRedPaint);
canvas.drawRect(100, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.save();//保存canvas状态
//(角度,中心点x,中心点y)
canvas.rotate(45, 100, 100);
mRedPaint.setColor(Color.parseColor("#880FB5FD"));
canvas.drawRect(100, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.restore();//图层向下合并
canvas.restore();
}
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5.缩放画布:scale()
private void stateTest(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.save();
canvas.translate(mCoo.x, mCoo.y);//将原点平移到坐标系原点
canvas.drawLine(500, 200, 900, 400, mRedPaint);
canvas.drawRect(100, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.save();//保存canvas状态
//(角度,中心点x,中心点y)
canvas.scale(2, 2, 100, 100);
mRedPaint.setColor(Color.parseColor("#880FB5FD"));
canvas.drawRect(100, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.restore();//图层向下合并
canvas.restore();
}
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6.斜切画布:scale()
private void stateTest(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.save();
canvas.translate(mCoo.x, mCoo.y);//将原点平移到坐标系原点
canvas.drawLine(500, 200, 900, 400, mRedPaint);
canvas.drawRect(100, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.save();//保存canvas状态
canvas.skew(1f,0f);
mRedPaint.setColor(Color.parseColor("#880FB5FD"));
canvas.drawRect(100, 100, 300, 200, mRedPaint);
canvas.restore();//图层向下合并
canvas.restore();
}
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7.画布选择保存状态:
public int save (int saveFlags)
默认:MATRIX_SAVE_FLAG | CLIP_SAVE_FLAG
ALL_SAVE_FLAG 保存全部状态
CLIP_SAVE_FLAG 过期---仅保存剪辑区(不作为图层)
CLIP_TO_LAYER_SAVE_FLAG 过期---仅剪裁区作为图层保存
FULL_COLOR_LAYER_SAVE_FLAG 过期---仅保存图层的全部色彩通道
HAS_ALPHA_LAYER_SAVE_FLAG 过期---仅保存图层的alpha(不透明度)通道
MATRIX_SAVE_FLAG 过期---仅保存Matrix信息( translate, rotate, scale, skew)
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int count = canvas.getSaveCount();//获取图层的个数3
canvas.restoreToCount(1);//直接恢复到第几个图层
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四、Canvas的裁剪
1.可见主要就两种类型,内裁剪和外裁剪,Op的操作被废弃了
2.内剪裁:(区域内的之后绘制的内容保存)
private void clip(Canvas canvas) {
//剪裁区域
Rect rect = new Rect(20, 100, 250, 300);
canvas.clipRect(rect);
canvas.drawRect(0, 0, 200, 300, mRedPaint);
}
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3.外剪裁:(区域外的之后绘制的内容保存)--注意API26及以上可用
private void clip(Canvas canvas) {
//剪裁区域
Rect rect = new Rect(20, 100, 250, 300);
canvas.clipOutRect(rect);
canvas.drawRect(0, 0, 200, 300, mRedPaint);
}
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Canvas的相关内容就到这里(注:路径的绘制会在Path篇精讲),下一节将带来画笔Paint的知识
后记:捷文规范
1.本文成长记录及勘误表
项目源码 | 日期 | 备注 |
---|---|---|
V0.1--无 | 2018-11-5 | Android关于Canvas你所知道的和不知道的一切 |
V0.2--无 | 2018-11-6 | 增加绘制Picture的内容 |
2.更多关于我
笔名 | 微信 | 爱好 | |
---|---|---|---|
张风捷特烈 | 1981462002 | zdl1994328 | 语言 |
我的github | 我的简书 | 我的CSDN | 个人网站 |
3.声明
1----本文由张风捷特烈原创,转载请注明
2----欢迎广大编程爱好者共同交流
3----个人能力有限,如有不正之处欢迎大家批评指证,必定虚心改正
4----看到这里,我在此感谢你的喜欢与支持