这几天一直在研究mysql备份这一块,前几天由于手误对线上生产数据库造成误操作,虽然没有太大影响,但是为了把风险度降到最低,因此最近一直在倒腾mysql的在线热备份,在线热备份有免费开源的,也收费的产品,在这里我们值讨论免费的产品,支持热备的的软件mysqlLVM以及接下来的这款Xtrabackup;Xtrabackup是由percona开发的一个开源软件,它是innodb热备工具ibbackup(收费的商业软件)的一个开源替代品。Xtrabackup由个部分组成:xtrabackup和innobackupex,其中xtrabackup工具用于备份innodb和 xtraDB引擎的表;而innobackupex工具用于备份myisam和innodb引擎的表,本文将介绍如何用innobackupex工具做全量和增量备份。
一、安装解压
1.安装数据库
官网:http://www.percona.com 下载地址:http://www.percona.com/redir/downloads/XtraBackup/XtraBackup-2.0.8/binary/Linux/x86_64/percona-xtrabackup-2.0.8-587.tar.gz yum -y install mysql mysql-libs mysql-server MySQL-python
2.创建数据库
create database dotatest; mysql -uroot -p dotatest > zhan_data.sql python mysql_update.py --host localhost --user root --passwd "" --db dotatest use dotatest; show tables; desc item; insert into item (player, item, count) values (1, 1, 1 ); 插入一条数据 insert into item (player, item, count) values (2, 2, 2 ); select * from item;
3.安装依赖包(如果安装新版本需要安装)
yum install cmake gcc gcc-c++ libaio libaio-devel automake autoconf bzr bison libtool ncurses-devel zlib-devel libgcrypt libgcrypt-devel perl-Time-HiRes
4.解压安装
[root@localhost home]# tar xf percona-xtrabackup-2.0.8-587.tar.gz [root@localhost home]# mysql --version mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.1.61, for redhat-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.1 [root@localhost percona-xtrabackup-2.0.8]# pwd /home/percona-xtrabackup-2.0.8 [root@localhost percona-xtrabackup-2.0.8]# cp bin/ innobackupex xbstream xtrabackup_51 xtrabackup_56 innobackupex-1.5.1 xtrabackup xtrabackup_55 [root@localhost percona-xtrabackup-2.0.8]# cp bin/innobackupex /usr/bin/ [root@localhost percona-xtrabackup-2.0.8]# cp bin/xtrabackup* /usr/bin/
二、常规备份文件以及对单个数据库备份
备份全部数据库 [root@localhost /]# mkdir /home/data/backup/ [root@localhost /]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root /home/data/backup/ --defaults-file 指定mysql的配置文件 --user 指定用户 /home/data/backup/ 备份文件的路径 需要注意的是 如果不指定--defaults-file 默认会读取/etc/my.cnf。如果你的配置文件是自定义的,那么一定要指定目录,然后会在目录下创建一个时间戳的目录(我们本次创建的/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_11-08-23) 查看备份是否成功 [root@localhost /]# cd /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_11-08-23/ [root@localhost 2014-03-11_11-08-23]# pwd /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_11-08-23 [root@localhost 2014-03-11_11-08-23]# ls backup-my.cnf ibdata1 test xtrabackup_binlog_info xtrabackup_logfile dotatest mysql xtrabackup_binary xtrabackup_checkpoints zabbix [root@localhost 2014-03-11_11-08-23]# 只针对一个数据库备份 --database 是指定需要备份的数据库 [root@localhost ~]# innobackupex --user=root --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --database=dotatest /home/data/backup/
三、常规恢复数据库
恢复之前先停止数据库,并且要删除数据和日志文件
01.首先停止数据库 [root@localhost 2014-03-11_16-52-44]# /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld stop Stopping mysqld: [ OK ] [root@localhost 2014-03-11_16-52-44]#
02.备份删除mysql文件 [root@localhost lib]# cp -a mysql/ mysql.bak [root@localhost lib]# ls alternatives dav dhclient games misc mysql nfs plymouth postfix random-seed rpm stateles authconfig dbus fprint logrotate.status mlocate mysql.bak ntp polkit-1 prelink readahead rsyslog udev [root@localhost lib]# cd mysql [root@localhost mysql]# ls dotatest ibdata1 ib_logfile0 ib_logfile1 mysql test zabbix [root@localhost mysql]# rm -rf *
03.来恢复文件
恢复文件分两步,
第1步是apply-log,为了加快速度,一般建议设置--use-memory,这个步骤完成之后,目录/backup/mysql/data/2013-10-29_09-05-25下的备份文件已经准备就绪。
因为我们的文件比较少,因此我们不需要设置--user-memory产数文件
第2步是copy-back,即把备份文件拷贝至原数据目录下。
[root@localhost mysql]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root --apply-log /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44/ [root@localhost mysql]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root --copy-back /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44/
04.修改权限 启动服务
[root@localhost lib]# chown mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/ -R
[root@localhost lib]# /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld start
Starting mysqld: [ OK ]
[root@localhost lib]#
四、配置增量备份
增量备份及其恢复
注意:innobackupex 增量备份仅针对InnoDB这类支持事务的引擎,对于MyISAM等引擎,则仍然是全备。
01.首先在数据库插入一条数据
mysql> use dotatest; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> select * from item; +----+--------+------+-------+ | id | player | item | count | +----+--------+------+-------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | +----+--------+------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into item (player, item, count) values (3, 3, 3 ); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from item; +----+--------+------+-------+ | id | player | item | count | +----+--------+------+-------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | +----+--------+------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
02.增量备份是基于一个数据库的全部备份文件的,在刚才我们备份了一个全备份,我们现在的增量备份就基于刚才的全部备份来做(2014-03-11_16-52-44)
需要注意如下两个参数:
--incremental-basedir指向全备目录;
--incremental指向增量备份的目录;
[root@localhost backup]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root --incremental-basedir=/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44/ --incremental /home/data/backup/ ……略…… innobackupex: Backup created in directory '/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_17-33-57' innobackupex: MySQL binlog position: filename '', position 140311 17:34:16 innobackupex: completed OK!
03.查看是否有备份文件,最新的配置文件就是我们刚才的增量备份文件
[root@localhost backup]# pwd /home/data/backup [root@localhost backup]# ls 2014-03-11_16-52-44 2014-03-11_17-33-57 [root@localhost backup]# 在如下的文件中我们可以发现增量备份的文件from_lsn刚好等于全部备份的to_lsn [root@localhost 2014-03-11_17-33-57]# cat xtrabackup_checkpoints 增量备份文件 backup_type = incremental from_lsn = 657645 to_lsn = 659090 last_lsn = 659090 [root@localhost 2014-03-11_17-33-57]# cat ../2014-03-11_16-52-44/xtrabackup_checkpoints 全局备份 backup_type = full-prepared from_lsn = 0 to_lsn = 657645 last_lsn = 657645 [root@localhost 2014-03-11_17-33-57]#
五、在增量备份的基础上再做增量备份
在备份之前我们在item表中再插入数据 mysql> insert into item (player, item, count) values (4, 4, 4 ); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select * from item; +----+--------+------+-------+ | id | player | item | count | +----+--------+------+-------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | +----+--------+------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
在增量备份的基础上再做增量备份,我们需要添加如下参数
--incremental-basedir执行上一次增量备份的目录
如下备份: [root@localhost 2014-03-11_17-33-57]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root --incremental-basedir=/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_17-33-57/ --incremental /home/data/backup/ ………中间部分略……… innobackupex: Backup created in directory '/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_18-03-54' innobackupex: MySQL binlog position: filename '', position 140311 18:04:13 innobackupex: completed OK! innobackupex: Backup created in directory '/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_18-10-13' innobackupex: MySQL binlog position: filename '', position 140311 18:10:31 innobackupex: completed OK!
然后来查看lsn号来:
[root@localhost 2014-03-11_18-10-13]# cat xtrabackup_checkpoints backup_type = incremental from_lsn = 659090 to_lsn = 659214 last_lsn = 659090 [root@localhost 2014-03-11_18-10-13]# cat ../2014-03-11_17-33-57/ backup-my.cnf ibdata1.meta xtrabackup_binary xtrabackup_logfile dotatest/ mysql/ xtrabackup_binlog_info zabbix/ ibdata1.delta test/ xtrabackup_checkpoints [root@localhost 2014-03-11_18-10-13]# cat ../2014-03-11_17-33-57/xtrabackup_checkpoints backup_type = incremental from_lsn = 657645 to_lsn = 659090 last_lsn = 659090 [root@localhost 2014-03-11_18-10-13]#
六、恢复增量数据库
停止数据库 [root@localhost backup]# /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld stop Stopping mysqld: [ OK ] [root@localhost backup]# 备份数据库 [root@localhost lib]# mv mysql mysql.bak.2 [root@localhost lib]# pwd /var/lib [root@localhost lib]#
这个恢复比恢复全部备份稍微复杂点,接下来我们来恢复,如果有多个增量备份,需要叠加就可以
innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only BASE-DIR BASE-DIR指完整的全部备份目录 innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only BASE-DIR --incremental-dir=INCREMENTAL-DIR-1 INCREMENTAL-DIR-1指第一次增量备份的目录 innobackupex --apply-log BASE-DIR --incremental-dir=INCREMENTAL-DIR-2 BASE-DIR指完整的全部备份目录 INCREMENTAL-DIR-2第二次增量备份的目录
01.在我们的环境中我们来执行如下操作,因为我们只有两次的增量备份如下即可:
innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44/ innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44 --incremental-dir=/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_17-33-57/ innobackupex --apply-log /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44/ --incremental-dir=/home/data/backup/2014-03-11_18-10-13/
02.回滚未完成的日志(需要注意的是恢复的时候,我们只恢复全备份文件就可以了)
innobackupex --apply-log /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44/ innobackupex --copy-back /home/data/backup/2014-03-11_16-52-44/
03.授权启动
[root@localhost lib]# chown mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql -R [root@localhost lib]# /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld start Starting mysqld: [ OK ] [root@localhost lib]#
04.检查备份是否回来
mysql> use dotatest; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> select * from item; +----+--------+------+-------+ | id | player | item | count | +----+--------+------+-------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | +----+--------+------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/devliangel/1374232