客户要使用realtek的wifi usb dongle(rtl8712_8188_8191_8192SU_usb_linux_v2.6.6.0.20101111)，需要移植驱动和wpa_supplicant(wpa_supplicant-0.7.3)，另外也需要openssl
 
驱动移植要注意的是要在内核中选中wireless_extention，否则驱动编译的时候会报错。修改了驱动的makefile加入了自己的config，编译通过但是最后生成ko的时候报错：
gmake[2]: scripts/mod/modpost: Command not found
gmake[2]: *** [__modpost] Error 127
gmake[1]: *** [modules] Error 2
make: *** [modules] Error 2
 
去kernal目录执行以下make scripts/以后就可以了。
 
wpa_supplicant
cp defconfig .config
加入交叉编译路径，以及openssl的头文件和库文件路径，打开config_wps,然后编译
 
wpa_supplicant移植的时候遇到一件比较奇怪的事情是，修改了makefile，指定了交叉编译器和include以及链接的路径以后，编译仍然出错，说找不到crt*.o 以及uclibc_nonshared.a等链接库，百思不得其解，明明交叉编译的/lib和/usr/lib这些库都在，最后实在没有办法就把交叉编译工具里面的相应文件copy进host的/lib和/usr/lib，最后编译通过，但是事先没有备份host上的相应文件，导致后来SDK的编译有问题，不得不重新安装了一遍系统，很是郁闷。
最后发现是要用--sysroot=$(TOOLCHAIN_BASE_PREFIX) 来指定交叉编译时的系统根目录，这样才会在交叉编译器的目录下去找相应的头文件、库文件。
另外要注意的是openssl做configure的时候的参数，要用os/compiler指定交叉编译
./Configure  --prefix=$(pwd)/ssh_install shared os/compiler:arm-linux-uclibcgnueabi-gcc
但是这样openssl的config会报告不支持share，那么先配置一个支持share的编译器选项，然后比较下share需要改动哪些，附件是我最后修改的makefile
 
另外wpa_supplicant提供了一份QT的gui应用，在wpa_gui-qt4，这部分代码可以移植到客户平台上。
另外发现只有在同一个shell下先运行wpa_supplicant，而且不能以-B参数运行，否则控制端连接不上。而且这样运行以后，wpa_supplicant会始终在shell打印输出，关闭不了，即便使用重定向也不行。
 
wpa.conf 文件很简单：
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
update_config=1
只需要写这么两行。后续用wpa_cli连接成功以后我们会将参数保存下来。
 
./wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -Dwext -c wpa.conf -dd &
 运行命令后，打印如下：
# Initializing interface 'wlan0' conf 'wpa.conf' driver 'wext' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'wpa.conf' -> '/opt/bin/wpa.conf'
Reading configuration file '/opt/bin/wpa.conf'
ctrl_interface='/var/run/wpa_supplicant'
update_config=1
WEXT: cfg80211-based driver detected
SIOCGIWRANGE: WE(compiled)=22 WE(source)=21 enc_capa=0xf
  capabilities: key_mgmt 0xf enc 0xf flags 0x0
netlink: Operstate: linkmode=1, operstate=5
Own MAC address: 00:fd:07:9b:af:58
 
 
现在我们看看如何用wpa_cli来管理你的wlan0：
#./wpa_cli
 
wpa_cli v0.7.3
Copyright (c) 2004-2010, Jouni Malinen < j@w1.fi> and contributors
This program is free software. You can distribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.
Alternatively, this software may be distributed under the terms of the
BSD license. See README and COPYING for more details.

Selected interface 'wlan0'
Interactive mode
 
可见不带参数，默认会使用wlan0，当然你也可以用-i参数指定，如果你有多个无线网卡的话。
 
> scan
OK
稍等一会，会有结果打印出来：
bssid / frequency / signal level / flags / ssid
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 0 5c:63:bf:77:4a:8a
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 1 00:24:a5:42:16:0d
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 2 00:25:12:89:3c:3f
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 3 f0:7d:68:76:d6:be
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 4 1c:af:f7:9d:73:7e
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 5 5c:63:bf:80:1d:d0
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 6 00:1e:10:5a:d9:b8
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 7 38:83:45:c7:05:e4
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 8 00:23:cd:88:ec:d2
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 9 00:13:10:cc:ef:0a
<2>CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS
<2>WPS-AP-AVAILABLE
 
接着看看scan到的结果
> scan_result
 bssid / frequency / signal level / flags / ssid
5c:63:bf:77:4a:8a       2412    186     [WPA-PSK-CCMP][WPA2-PSK-CCMP][WPS][ESS] libin
00:24:a5:42:16:0d       2412    186     [WPA-PSK-CCMP][ESS]     WHR-HP-G54
00:25:12:89:3c:3f       2422    186     [WPA-PSK-TKIP][WPS][ESS]        ChinaNet-J7Ji
f0:7d:68:76:d6:be       2437    186     [WPA-PSK-TKIP+CCMP][WPA2-PSK-TKIP+CCMP][ESS]    dlink
1c:af:f7:9d:73:7e       2472    186     [WPA-PSK-TKIP+CCMP][WPA2-PSK-CCMP][ESS] B27XXX
5c:63:bf:80:1d:d0       2437    186     [WPA-PSK-CCMP][WPA2-PSK-CCMP][WPS][ESS] NIE-X
00:1e:10:5a:d9:b8       2417    178     [WPA-PSK-TKIP][WPS][ESS]        ChinaNet-tWxG
38:83:45:c7:05:e4       2437    175     [WPA-PSK-CCMP][WPA2-PSK-CCMP][WPS][ESS] MERCURY_C705E4
00:23:cd:88:ec:d2       2442    175     [WPA2-PSK-CCMP-preauth][ESS]    Marco's Router
00:13:10:cc:ef:0a       2437    195     [WEP][ESS]      KONG
 
> add_network
 0
> set_network 0 ssid "WHR-HP-G54"
 OK
> set_network 0 key_mgmt WPA-PSK
 OK
> set_network 0 psk "123456654321"
OK
> enable_network 0
 OK
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 10 00:1e:10:3c:73:9b
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 11 1c:af:f7:61:4f:a6
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 12 00:1e:73:c9:9b:d8
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 13 00:90:4c:7e:00:64
<2>CTRL-EVENT-BSS-ADDED 14 00:1d:0f:98:7c:48
<2>CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS
<2>WPS-AP-AVAILABLE
<2>Trying to associate with 00:24:a5:42:16:0d (SSID='WHR-HP-G54' freq=2412 MHz)
<2>Associated with 00:24:a5:42:16:0d
<2>WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:24:a5:42:16:0d [PTK=CCMP GTK=CCMP]
<2>CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to 00:24:a5:42:16:0d completed (auth) [id=0 id_str=]
<2>WPA: Group rekeying completed with 00:24:a5:42:16:0d [GTK=CCMP]
> save
 OK
 
保存下来的conf文件如下：
 
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
update_config=1
network={
 ssid="WHR-HP-G54"
 psk="123456654321"
 key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
}
退出wpa_cli,使用dhcp命令来获取IP
 
# udhcpc -i wlan0
 udhcpc (v1.16.1) started
Sending discover...
Sending select for 192.168.11.206...
Lease of 192.168.11.206 obtained, lease time 172800
deleting routes
route: SIOCDELRT: No such process
adding dns 203.80.96.10
adding dns 203.80.96.9
 
以下命令用于设置网关和DNS
route add default gw {IP-ADDRESS} {INTERFACE-NAME}
#route add default gw 192.168.11.1 wlan0
 
route add -net {NETWORK-ADDRESS} netmask {NETMASK} dev {INTERFACE-NAME}
#route add -net 192.168.11.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev wlan0
 
route del -net {NETWORK-ADDRESS} netmask {NETMASK} dev {INTERFACE-NAME}
# route del -net 192.168.11.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev wlan0
 
设置到指定网络为不可达，避免在连接到这个网络的地址时程序过长时间的等待，直接就知道该网络不可达。
route add -net {NETWORK-ADDRESS} netmask {NETMASK} reject
 
至于DNS，则需要编辑/etc/resolv.conf加入类似以下字段：
nameserver 192.168.11.1
至于可选字段domain search sortlist根据你的实际情况添加，大多数情况下不用。
 
到此我们已经完成了对wlan0的配置，可以使用了
 
以下是config文件的参数解释：
##### Example wpa_supplicant configuration file ###############################
#
# This file describes configuration file format and lists all available option.
# Please also take a look at simpler configuration examples in 'examples'
# subdirectory.
#
# Empty lines and lines starting with # are ignored
# NOTE! This file may contain password information and should probably be made
# readable only by root user on multiuser systems.
# Note: All file paths in this configuration file should use full (absolute,
# not relative to working directory) path in order to allow working directory
# to be changed. This can happen if wpa_supplicant is run in the background.
# Whether to allow wpa_supplicant to update (overwrite) configuration
#
# This option can be used to allow wpa_supplicant to overwrite configuration
# file whenever configuration is changed (e.g., new network block is added with
# wpa_cli or wpa_gui, or a password is changed). This is required for
# wpa_cli/wpa_gui to be able to store the configuration changes permanently.
# Please note that overwriting configuration file will remove the comments from
# it.
#update_config=1
# global configuration (shared by all network blocks)
#
# Parameters for the control interface. If this is specified, wpa_supplicant
# will open a control interface that is available for external programs to
# manage wpa_supplicant. The meaning of this string depends on which control
# interface mechanism is used. For all cases, the existance of this parameter
# in configuration is used to determine whether the control interface is
# enabled.
#
# For UNIX domain sockets (default on Linux and BSD): This is a directory that
# will be created for UNIX domain sockets for listening to requests from
# external programs (CLI/GUI, etc.) for status information and configuration.
# The socket file will be named based on the interface name, so multiple
# wpa_supplicant processes can be run at the same time if more than one
# interface is used.
# /var/run/wpa_supplicant is the recommended directory for sockets and by
# default, wpa_cli will use it when trying to connect with wpa_supplicant.
#
# Access control for the control interface can be configured by setting the
# directory to allow only members of a group to use sockets. This way, it is
# possible to run wpa_supplicant as root (since it needs to change network
# configuration and open raw sockets) and still allow GUI/CLI components to be
# run as non-root users. However, since the control interface can be used to
# change the network configuration, this access needs to be protected in many
# cases. By default, wpa_supplicant is configured to use gid 0 (root). If you
# want to allow non-root users to use the control interface, add a new group
# and change this value to match with that group. Add users that should have
# control interface access to this group. If this variable is commented out or
# not included in the configuration file, group will not be changed from the
# value it got by default when the directory or socket was created.
#
# When configuring both the directory and group, use following format:
# DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=wheel
# DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=0
# (group can be either group name or gid)
#
# For UDP connections (default on Windows): The value will be ignored. This
# variable is just used to select that the control interface is to be created.
# The value can be set to, e.g., udp (ctrl_interface=udp)
#
# For Windows Named Pipe: This value can be used to set the security descriptor
# for controlling access to the control interface. Security descriptor can be
# set using Security Descriptor String Format (see http://msdn.microsoft.com/
# library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/secauthz/security/
# security_descriptor_string_format.asp). The descriptor string needs to be
# prefixed with SDDL=. For example, ctrl_interface=SDDL=D: would set an empty
# DACL (which will reject all connections). See README-Windows.txt for more
# information about SDDL string format.
#
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
# IEEE 802.1X/EAPOL version
# wpa_supplicant is implemented based on IEEE Std 802.1X-2004 which defines
# EAPOL version 2. However, there are many APs that do not handle the new
# version number correctly (they seem to drop the frames completely). In order
# to make wpa_supplicant interoperate with these APs, the version number is set
# to 1 by default. This configuration value can be used to set it to the new
# version (2).
eapol_version=1
# AP scanning/selection
# By default, wpa_supplicant requests driver to perform AP scanning and then
# uses the scan results to select a suitable AP. Another alternative is to
# allow the driver to take care of AP scanning and selection and use
# wpa_supplicant just to process EAPOL frames based on IEEE 802.11 association
# information from the driver.
# 1: wpa_supplicant initiates scanning and AP selection; if no APs matching to
#    the currently enabled networks are found, a new network (IBSS or AP mode
#    operation) may be initialized (if configured) (default)
# 0: driver takes care of scanning, AP selection, and IEEE 802.11 association
#    parameters (e.g., WPA IE generation); this mode can also be used with
#    non-WPA drivers when using IEEE 802.1X mode; do not try to associate with
#    APs (i.e., external program needs to control association). This mode must
#    also be used when using wired Ethernet drivers.
# 2: like 0, but associate with APs using security policy and SSID (but not
#    BSSID); this can be used, e.g., with ndiswrapper and NDIS drivers to
#    enable operation with hidden SSIDs and optimized roaming; in this mode,
#    the network blocks in the configuration file are tried one by one until
#    the driver reports successful association; each network block should have
#    explicit security policy (i.e., only one option in the lists) for
#    key_mgmt, pairwise, group, proto variables
# When using IBSS or AP mode, ap_scan=2 mode can force the new network to be
# created immediately regardless of scan results. ap_scan=1 mode will first try
# to scan for existing networks and only if no matches with the enabled
# networks are found, a new IBSS or AP mode network is created.
ap_scan=1
# EAP fast re-authentication
# By default, fast re-authentication is enabled for all EAP methods that
# support it. This variable can be used to disable fast re-authentication.
# Normally, there is no need to disable this.
fast_reauth=1
# OpenSSL Engine support
# These options can be used to load OpenSSL engines.
# The two engines that are supported currently are shown below:
# They are both from the opensc project (http://www.opensc.org/)
# By default no engines are loaded.
# make the opensc engine available
#opensc_engine_path=/usr/lib/opensc/engine_opensc.so
# make the pkcs11 engine available
#pkcs11_engine_path=/usr/lib/opensc/engine_pkcs11.so
# configure the path to the pkcs11 module required by the pkcs11 engine
#pkcs11_module_path=/usr/lib/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so
# Dynamic EAP methods
# If EAP methods were built dynamically as shared object files, they need to be
# loaded here before being used in the network blocks. By default, EAP methods
# are included statically in the build, so these lines are not needed
#load_dynamic_eap=/usr/lib/wpa_supplicant/eap_tls.so
#load_dynamic_eap=/usr/lib/wpa_supplicant/eap_md5.so
# Driver interface parameters
# This field can be used to configure arbitrary driver interace parameters. The
# format is specific to the selected driver interface. This field is not used
# in most cases.
#driver_param="field=value"
# Country code
# The ISO/IEC alpha2 country code for the country in which this device is
# currently operating.
#country=US
# Maximum lifetime for PMKSA in seconds; default 43200
#dot11RSNAConfigPMKLifetime=43200
# Threshold for reauthentication (percentage of PMK lifetime); default 70
#dot11RSNAConfigPMKReauthThreshold=70
# Timeout for security association negotiation in seconds; default 60
#dot11RSNAConfigSATimeout=60
# Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) parameters
# Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID; see RFC 4122) of the device
# If not configured, UUID will be generated based on the local MAC address.
#uuid=12345678-9abc-def0-1234-56789abcdef0
# Device Name
# User-friendly description of device; up to 32 octets encoded in UTF-8
#device_name=Wireless Client
# Manufacturer
# The manufacturer of the device (up to 64 ASCII characters)
#manufacturer=Company
# Model Name
# Model of the device (up to 32 ASCII characters)
#model_name=cmodel
# Model Number
# Additional device description (up to 32 ASCII characters)
#model_number=123
# Serial Number
# Serial number of the device (up to 32 characters)
#serial_number=12345
# Primary Device Type
# Used format: <categ>-<OUI>-<subcateg>
# categ = Category as an integer value
# OUI = OUI and type octet as a 4-octet hex-encoded value; 0050F204 for
#       default WPS OUI
# subcateg = OUI-specific Sub Category as an integer value
# Examples:
#   1-0050F204-1 (Computer / PC)
#   1-0050F204-2 (Computer / Server)
#   5-0050F204-1 (Storage / NAS)
#   6-0050F204-1 (Network Infrastructure / AP)
#device_type=1-0050F204-1
# OS Version
# 4-octet operating system version number (hex string)
#os_version=01020300
# Config Methods
# List of the supported configuration methods
# Available methods: usba ethernet label display ext_nfc_token int_nfc_token
# nfc_interface push_button keypad virtual_display physical_display
# virtual_push_button physical_push_button
# For WSC 1.0:
#config_methods=label display push_button keypad
# For WSC 2.0:
#config_methods=label virtual_display virtual_push_button keypad
# Credential processing
#   0 = process received credentials internally (default)
#   1 = do not process received credentials; just pass them over ctrl_iface to
# external program(s)
#   2 = process received credentials internally and pass them over ctrl_iface
# to external program(s)
#wps_cred_processing=0
# Maximum number of BSS entries to keep in memory
# Default: 200
# This can be used to limit memory use on the BSS entries (cached scan
# results). A larger value may be needed in environments that have huge number
# of APs when using ap_scan=1 mode.
#bss_max_count=200

 

 

 


# filter_ssids - SSID-based scan result filtering
# 0 = do not filter scan results (default)
# 1 = only include configured SSIDs in scan results/BSS table
#filter_ssids=0

# network block
#
# Each network (usually AP's sharing the same SSID) is configured as a separate
# block in this configuration file. The network blocks are in preference order
# (the first match is used).
#
# network block fields:
#
# disabled:
# 0 = this network can be used (default)
# 1 = this network block is disabled (can be enabled through ctrl_iface,
#     e.g., with wpa_cli or wpa_gui)
#
# id_str: Network identifier string for external scripts. This value is passed
# to external action script through wpa_cli as WPA_ID_STR environment
# variable to make it easier to do network specific configuration.
#
# ssid: SSID (mandatory); either as an ASCII string with double quotation or
# as hex string; network name
#
# scan_ssid:
# 0 = do not scan this SSID with specific Probe Request frames (default)
# 1 = scan with SSID-specific Probe Request frames (this can be used to
#     find APs that do not accept broadcast SSID or use multiple SSIDs;
#     this will add latency to scanning, so enable this only when needed)
#
# bssid: BSSID (optional); if set, this network block is used only when
# associating with the AP using the configured BSSID
#
# priority: priority group (integer)
# By default, all networks will get same priority group (0). If some of the
# networks are more desirable, this field can be used to change the order in
# which wpa_supplicant goes through the networks when selecting a BSS. The
# priority groups will be iterated in decreasing priority (i.e., the larger the
# priority value, the sooner the network is matched against the scan results).
# Within each priority group, networks will be selected based on security
# policy, signal strength, etc.
# Please note that AP scanning with scan_ssid=1 and ap_scan=2 mode are not
# using this priority to select the order for scanning. Instead, they try the
# networks in the order that used in the configuration file.
#
# mode: IEEE 802.11 operation mode
# 0 = infrastructure (Managed) mode, i.e., associate with an AP (default)
# 1 = IBSS (ad-hoc, peer-to-peer)
# 2 = AP (access point)
# Note: IBSS can only be used with key_mgmt NONE (plaintext and static WEP)
# and key_mgmt=WPA-NONE (fixed group key TKIP/CCMP). WPA-None requires
# following network block options:
# proto=WPA, key_mgmt=WPA-NONE, pairwise=NONE, group=TKIP (or CCMP, but not
# both), and psk must also be set.
#
# frequency: Channel frequency in megahertz (MHz) for IBSS, e.g.,
# 2412 = IEEE 802.11b/g channel 1. This value is used to configure the initial
# channel for IBSS (adhoc) networks. It is ignored in the infrastructure mode.
# In addition, this value is only used by the station that creates the IBSS. If
# an IBSS network with the configured SSID is already present, the frequency of
# the network will be used instead of this configured value.
#
# scan_freq: List of frequencies to scan
# Space-separated list of frequencies in MHz to scan when searching for this
# BSS. If the subset of channels used by the network is known, this option can
# be used to optimize scanning to not occur on channels that the network does
# not use. Example: scan_freq=2412 2437 2462
#
# freq_list: Array of allowed frequencies
# Space-separated list of frequencies in MHz to allow for selecting the BSS. If
# set, scan results that do not match any of the specified frequencies are not
# considered when selecting a BSS.
#
# proto: list of accepted protocols
# WPA = WPA/IEEE 802.11i/D3.0
# RSN = WPA2/IEEE 802.11i (also WPA2 can be used as an alias for RSN)
# If not set, this defaults to: WPA RSN
#
# key_mgmt: list of accepted authenticated key management protocols
# WPA-PSK = WPA pre-shared key (this requires 'psk' field)
# WPA-EAP = WPA using EAP authentication
# IEEE8021X = IEEE 802.1X using EAP authentication and (optionally) dynamically
# generated WEP keys
# NONE = WPA is not used; plaintext or static WEP could be used
# WPA-PSK-SHA256 = Like WPA-PSK but using stronger SHA256-based algorithms
# WPA-EAP-SHA256 = Like WPA-EAP but using stronger SHA256-based algorithms
# If not set, this defaults to: WPA-PSK WPA-EAP
#
# auth_alg: list of allowed IEEE 802.11 authentication algorithms
# OPEN = Open System authentication (required for WPA/WPA2)
# SHARED = Shared Key authentication (requires static WEP keys)
# LEAP = LEAP/Network EAP (only used with LEAP)
# If not set, automatic selection is used (Open System with LEAP enabled if
# LEAP is allowed as one of the EAP methods).
#
# pairwise: list of accepted pairwise (unicast) ciphers for WPA
# CCMP = AES in Counter mode with CBC-MAC [RFC 3610, IEEE 802.11i/D7.0]
# TKIP = Temporal Key Integrity Protocol [IEEE 802.11i/D7.0]
# NONE = Use only Group Keys (deprecated, should not be included if APs support
# pairwise keys)
# If not set, this defaults to: CCMP TKIP
#
# group: list of accepted group (broadcast/multicast) ciphers for WPA
# CCMP = AES in Counter mode with CBC-MAC [RFC 3610, IEEE 802.11i/D7.0]
# TKIP = Temporal Key Integrity Protocol [IEEE 802.11i/D7.0]
# WEP104 = WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) with 104-bit key
# WEP40 = WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) with 40-bit key [IEEE 802.11]
# If not set, this defaults to: CCMP TKIP WEP104 WEP40
#
# psk: WPA preshared key; 256-bit pre-shared key
# The key used in WPA-PSK mode can be entered either as 64 hex-digits, i.e.,
# 32 bytes or as an ASCII passphrase (in which case, the real PSK will be
# generated using the passphrase and SSID). ASCII passphrase must be between
# 8 and 63 characters (inclusive).
# This field is not needed, if WPA-EAP is used.
# Note: Separate tool, wpa_passphrase, can be used to generate 256-bit keys
# from ASCII passphrase. This process uses lot of CPU and wpa_supplicant
# startup and reconfiguration time can be optimized by generating the PSK only
# only when the passphrase or SSID has actually changed.
#
# eapol_flags: IEEE 802.1X/EAPOL options (bit field)
# Dynamic WEP key required for non-WPA mode
# bit0 (1): require dynamically generated unicast WEP key
# bit1 (2): require dynamically generated broadcast WEP key
#  (3 = require both keys; default)
# Note: When using wired authentication, eapol_flags must be set to 0 for the
# authentication to be completed successfully.
#
# mixed_cell: This option can be used to configure whether so called mixed
# cells, i.e., networks that use both plaintext and encryption in the same
# SSID, are allowed when selecting a BSS form scan results.
# 0 = disabled (default)
# 1 = enabled
#
# proactive_key_caching:
# Enable/disable opportunistic PMKSA caching for WPA2.
# 0 = disabled (default)
# 1 = enabled
#
# wep_key0..3: Static WEP key (ASCII in double quotation, e.g. "abcde" or
# hex without quotation, e.g., 0102030405)
# wep_tx_keyidx: Default WEP key index (TX) (0..3)
#
# peerkey: Whether PeerKey negotiation for direct links (IEEE 802.11e DLS) is
# allowed. This is only used with RSN/WPA2.
# 0 = disabled (default)
# 1 = enabled
#peerkey=1
#
# wpa_ptk_rekey: Maximum lifetime for PTK in seconds. This can be used to
# enforce rekeying of PTK to mitigate some attacks against TKIP deficiencies.
#
# Following fields are only used with internal EAP implementation.
# eap: space-separated list of accepted EAP methods
# MD5 = EAP-MD5 (unsecure and does not generate keying material ->
#   cannot be used with WPA; to be used as a Phase 2 method
#   with EAP-PEAP or EAP-TTLS)
#       MSCHAPV2 = EAP-MSCHAPv2 (cannot be used separately with WPA; to be used
#  as a Phase 2 method with EAP-PEAP or EAP-TTLS)
#       OTP = EAP-OTP (cannot be used separately with WPA; to be used
#  as a Phase 2 method with EAP-PEAP or EAP-TTLS)
#       GTC = EAP-GTC (cannot be used separately with WPA; to be used
#  as a Phase 2 method with EAP-PEAP or EAP-TTLS)
# TLS = EAP-TLS (client and server certificate)
# PEAP = EAP-PEAP (with tunnelled EAP authentication)
# TTLS = EAP-TTLS (with tunnelled EAP or PAP/CHAP/MSCHAP/MSCHAPV2
#    authentication)
# If not set, all compiled in methods are allowed.
#
# identity: Identity string for EAP
# This field is also used to configure user NAI for
# EAP-PSK/PAX/SAKE/GPSK.
# anonymous_identity: Anonymous identity string for EAP (to be used as the
# unencrypted identity with EAP types that support different tunnelled
# identity, e.g., EAP-TTLS)
# password: Password string for EAP. This field can include either the
# plaintext password (using ASCII or hex string) or a NtPasswordHash
# (16-byte MD4 hash of password) in hash:<32 hex digits> format.
# NtPasswordHash can only be used when the password is for MSCHAPv2 or
# MSCHAP (EAP-MSCHAPv2, EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2, EAP-TTLS/MSCHAP, LEAP).
# EAP-PSK (128-bit PSK), EAP-PAX (128-bit PSK), and EAP-SAKE (256-bit
# PSK) is also configured using this field. For EAP-GPSK, this is a
# variable length PSK.
# ca_cert: File path to CA certificate file (PEM/DER). This file can have one
# or more trusted CA certificates. If ca_cert and ca_path are not
# included, server certificate will not be verified. This is insecure and
# a trusted CA certificate should always be configured when using
# EAP-TLS/TTLS/PEAP. Full path should be used since working directory may
# change when wpa_supplicant is run in the background.
#
# Alternatively, this can be used to only perform matching of the server
# certificate (SHA-256 hash of the DER encoded X.509 certificate). In
# this case, the possible CA certificates in the server certificate chain
# are ignored and only the server certificate is verified. This is
# configured with the following format:
# hash:://server/sha256/cert_hash_in_hex
# For example: "hash://server/sha256/
# 5a1bc1296205e6fdbe3979728efe3920798885c1c4590b5f90f43222d239ca6a"
#
# On Windows, trusted CA certificates can be loaded from the system
# certificate store by setting this to cert_store://<name>, e.g.,
# ca_cert="cert_store://CA" or ca_cert="cert_store://ROOT".
# Note that when running wpa_supplicant as an application, the user
# certificate store (My user account) is used, whereas computer store
# (Computer account) is used when running wpasvc as a service.
# ca_path: Directory path for CA certificate files (PEM). This path may
# contain multiple CA certificates in OpenSSL format. Common use for this
# is to point to system trusted CA list which is often installed into
# directory like /etc/ssl/certs. If configured, these certificates are
# added to the list of trusted CAs. ca_cert may also be included in that
# case, but it is not required.
# client_cert: File path to client certificate file (PEM/DER)
# Full path should be used since working directory may change when
# wpa_supplicant is run in the background.
# Alternatively, a named configuration blob can be used by setting this
# to blob://<blob name>.
# private_key: File path to client private key file (PEM/DER/PFX)
# When PKCS#12/PFX file (.p12/.pfx) is used, client_cert should be
# commented out. Both the private key and certificate will be read from
# the PKCS#12 file in this case. Full path should be used since working
# directory may change when wpa_supplicant is run in the background.
# Windows certificate store can be used by leaving client_cert out and
# configuring private_key in one of the following formats:
# cert://substring_to_match
# hash://certificate_thumbprint_in_hex
# for example: private_key="hash://63093aa9c47f56ae88334c7b65a4"
# Note that when running wpa_supplicant as an application, the user
# certificate store (My user account) is used, whereas computer store
# (Computer account) is used when running wpasvc as a service.
# Alternatively, a named configuration blob can be used by setting this
# to blob://<blob name>.
# private_key_passwd: Password for private key file (if left out, this will be
# asked through control interface)
# dh_file: File path to DH/DSA parameters file (in PEM format)
# This is an optional configuration file for setting parameters for an
# ephemeral DH key exchange. In most cases, the default RSA
# authentication does not use this configuration. However, it is possible
# setup RSA to use ephemeral DH key exchange. In addition, ciphers with
# DSA keys always use ephemeral DH keys. This can be used to achieve
# forward secrecy. If the file is in DSA parameters format, it will be
# automatically converted into DH params.
# subject_match: Substring to be matched against the subject of the
# authentication server certificate. If this string is set, the server
# sertificate is only accepted if it contains this string in the subject.
# The subject string is in following format:
# /C=US/ST=CA/L=San Francisco/CN=Test AS/emailAddress=as@example.com
# altsubject_match: Semicolon separated string of entries to be matched against
# the alternative subject name of the authentication server certificate.
# If this string is set, the server sertificate is only accepted if it
# contains one of the entries in an alternative subject name extension.
# altSubjectName string is in following format: TYPE:VALUE
# Example: EMAIL:server@example.com
# Example: DNS:server.example.com;DNS:server2.example.com
# Following types are supported: EMAIL, DNS, URI
# phase1: Phase1 (outer authentication, i.e., TLS tunnel) parameters
# (string with field-value pairs, e.g., "peapver=0" or
# "peapver=1 peaplabel=1")
# 'peapver' can be used to force which PEAP version (0 or 1) is used.
# 'peaplabel=1' can be used to force new label, "client PEAP encryption",
# to be used during key derivation when PEAPv1 or newer. Most existing
# PEAPv1 implementation seem to be using the old label, "client EAP
# encryption", and wpa_supplicant is now using that as the default value.
# Some servers, e.g., Radiator, may require peaplabel=1 configuration to
# interoperate with PEAPv1; see eap_testing.txt for more details.
# 'peap_outer_success=0' can be used to terminate PEAP authentication on
# tunneled EAP-Success. This is required with some RADIUS servers that
# implement draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-05.txt (e.g.,
# Lucent NavisRadius v4.4.0 with PEAP in "IETF Draft 5" mode)
# include_tls_length=1 can be used to force wpa_supplicant to include
# TLS Message Length field in all TLS messages even if they are not
# fragmented.
# sim_min_num_chal=3 can be used to configure EAP-SIM to require three
# challenges (by default, it accepts 2 or 3)
# result_ind=1 can be used to enable EAP-SIM and EAP-AKA to use
# protected result indication.
# 'crypto_binding' option can be used to control PEAPv0 cryptobinding
# behavior:
#  * 0 = do not use cryptobinding (default)
#  * 1 = use cryptobinding if server supports it
#  * 2 = require cryptobinding
# EAP-WSC (WPS) uses following options: pin=<Device Password> or
# pbc=1.
# phase2: Phase2 (inner authentication with TLS tunnel) parameters
# (string with field-value pairs, e.g., "auth=MSCHAPV2" for EAP-PEAP or
# "autheap=MSCHAPV2 autheap=MD5" for EAP-TTLS)
# Following certificate/private key fields are used in inner Phase2
# authentication when using EAP-TTLS or EAP-PEAP.
# ca_cert2: File path to CA certificate file. This file can have one or more
# trusted CA certificates. If ca_cert2 and ca_path2 are not included,
# server certificate will not be verified. This is insecure and a trusted
# CA certificate should always be configured.
# ca_path2: Directory path for CA certificate files (PEM)
# client_cert2: File path to client certificate file
# private_key2: File path to client private key file
# private_key2_passwd: Password for private key file
# dh_file2: File path to DH/DSA parameters file (in PEM format)
# subject_match2: Substring to be matched against the subject of the
# authentication server certificate.
# altsubject_match2: Substring to be matched against the alternative subject
# name of the authentication server certificate.
#
# fragment_size: Maximum EAP fragment size in bytes (default 1398).
# This value limits the fragment size for EAP methods that support
# fragmentation (e.g., EAP-TLS and EAP-PEAP). This value should be set
# small enough to make the EAP messages fit in MTU of the network
# interface used for EAPOL. The default value is suitable for most
# cases.
#
# EAP-FAST variables:
# pac_file: File path for the PAC entries. wpa_supplicant will need to be able
# to create this file and write updates to it when PAC is being
# provisioned or refreshed. Full path to the file should be used since
# working directory may change when wpa_supplicant is run in the
# background. Alternatively, a named configuration blob can be used by
# setting this to blob://<blob name>
# phase1: fast_provisioning option can be used to enable in-line provisioning
#         of EAP-FAST credentials (PAC):
#         0 = disabled,
#         1 = allow unauthenticated provisioning,
#         2 = allow authenticated provisioning,
#         3 = allow both unauthenticated and authenticated provisioning
# fast_max_pac_list_len=<num> option can be used to set the maximum
#  number of PAC entries to store in a PAC list (default: 10)
# fast_pac_format=binary option can be used to select binary format for
#  storing PAC entries in order to save some space (the default
#  text format uses about 2.5 times the size of minimal binary
#  format)
#
# wpa_supplicant supports number of "EAP workarounds" to work around
# interoperability issues with incorrectly behaving authentication servers.
# These are enabled by default because some of the issues are present in large
# number of authentication servers. Strict EAP conformance mode can be
# configured by disabling workarounds with eap_workaround=0.
# Example blocks:
# Simple case: WPA-PSK, PSK as an ASCII passphrase, allow all valid ciphers
network={
 ssid="simple"
 psk="very secret passphrase"
 priority=5
}
# Same as previous, but request SSID-specific scanning (for APs that reject
# broadcast SSID)
network={
 ssid="second ssid"
 scan_ssid=1
 psk="very secret passphrase"
 priority=2
}
# Only WPA-PSK is used. Any valid cipher combination is accepted.
network={
 ssid="example"
 proto=WPA
 key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
 pairwise=CCMP TKIP
 group=CCMP TKIP WEP104 WEP40
 psk=06b4be19da289f475aa46a33cb793029d4ab3db7a23ee92382eb0106c72ac7bb
 priority=2
}
# WPA-Personal(PSK) with TKIP and enforcement for frequent PTK rekeying
network={
 ssid="example"
 proto=WPA
 key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
 pairwise=TKIP
 group=TKIP
 psk="not so secure passphrase"
 wpa_ptk_rekey=600
}
# Only WPA-EAP is used. Both CCMP and TKIP is accepted. An AP that used WEP104
# or WEP40 as the group cipher will not be accepted.
network={
 ssid="example"
 proto=RSN
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 pairwise=CCMP TKIP
 group=CCMP TKIP
 eap=TLS
 identity=" user@example.com"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 client_cert="/etc/cert/user.pem"
 private_key="/etc/cert/user.prv"
 private_key_passwd="password"
 priority=1
}
# EAP-PEAP/MSCHAPv2 configuration for RADIUS servers that use the new peaplabel
# (e.g., Radiator)
network={
 ssid="example"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=PEAP
 identity=" user@example.com"
 password="foobar"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 phase1="peaplabel=1"
 phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2"
 priority=10
}
# EAP-TTLS/EAP-MD5-Challenge configuration with anonymous identity for the
# unencrypted use. Real identity is sent only within an encrypted TLS tunnel.
network={
 ssid="example"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=TTLS
 identity=" user@example.com"
 anonymous_identity=" anonymous@example.com"
 password="foobar"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 priority=2
}
# EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2 configuration with anonymous identity for the unencrypted
# use. Real identity is sent only within an encrypted TLS tunnel.
network={
 ssid="example"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=TTLS
 identity=" user@example.com"
 anonymous_identity=" anonymous@example.com"
 password="foobar"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2"
}
# WPA-EAP, EAP-TTLS with different CA certificate used for outer and inner
# authentication.
network={
 ssid="example"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=TTLS
 # Phase1 / outer authentication
 anonymous_identity=" anonymous@example.com"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 # Phase 2 / inner authentication
 phase2="autheap=TLS"
 ca_cert2="/etc/cert/ca2.pem"
 client_cert2="/etc/cer/user.pem"
 private_key2="/etc/cer/user.prv"
 private_key2_passwd="password"
 priority=2
}
# Both WPA-PSK and WPA-EAP is accepted. Only CCMP is accepted as pairwise and
# group cipher.
network={
 ssid="example"
 bssid=00:11:22:33:44:55
 proto=WPA RSN
 key_mgmt=WPA-PSK WPA-EAP
 pairwise=CCMP
 group=CCMP
 psk=06b4be19da289f475aa46a33cb793029d4ab3db7a23ee92382eb0106c72ac7bb
}
# Special characters in SSID, so use hex string. Default to WPA-PSK, WPA-EAP
# and all valid ciphers.
network={
 ssid=00010203
 psk=000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
}

# EAP-SIM with a GSM SIM or USIM
network={
 ssid="eap-sim-test"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=SIM
 pin="1234"
 pcsc=""
}

# EAP-PSK
network={
 ssid="eap-psk-test"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=PSK
 anonymous_identity="eap_psk_user"
 password=06b4be19da289f475aa46a33cb793029
 identity=" eap_psk_user@example.com"
}

# IEEE 802.1X/EAPOL with dynamically generated WEP keys (i.e., no WPA) using
# EAP-TLS for authentication and key generation; require both unicast and
# broadcast WEP keys.
network={
 ssid="1x-test"
 key_mgmt=IEEE8021X
 eap=TLS
 identity=" user@example.com"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 client_cert="/etc/cert/user.pem"
 private_key="/etc/cert/user.prv"
 private_key_passwd="password"
 eapol_flags=3
}

# LEAP with dynamic WEP keys
network={
 ssid="leap-example"
 key_mgmt=IEEE8021X
 eap=LEAP
 identity="user"
 password="foobar"
}
# EAP-IKEv2 using shared secrets for both server and peer authentication
network={
 ssid="ikev2-example"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=IKEV2
 identity="user"
 password="foobar"
}
# EAP-FAST with WPA (WPA or WPA2)
network={
 ssid="eap-fast-test"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=FAST
 anonymous_identity="FAST-000102030405"
 identity="username"
 password="password"
 phase1="fast_provisioning=1"
 pac_file="/etc/wpa_supplicant.eap-fast-pac"
}
network={
 ssid="eap-fast-test"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=FAST
 anonymous_identity="FAST-000102030405"
 identity="username"
 password="password"
 phase1="fast_provisioning=1"
 pac_file="blob://eap-fast-pac"
}
# Plaintext connection (no WPA, no IEEE 802.1X)
network={
 ssid="plaintext-test"
 key_mgmt=NONE
}

# Shared WEP key connection (no WPA, no IEEE 802.1X)
network={
 ssid="static-wep-test"
 key_mgmt=NONE
 wep_key0="abcde"
 wep_key1=0102030405
 wep_key2="1234567890123"
 wep_tx_keyidx=0
 priority=5
}

# Shared WEP key connection (no WPA, no IEEE 802.1X) using Shared Key
# IEEE 802.11 authentication
network={
 ssid="static-wep-test2"
 key_mgmt=NONE
 wep_key0="abcde"
 wep_key1=0102030405
 wep_key2="1234567890123"
 wep_tx_keyidx=0
 priority=5
 auth_alg=SHARED
}

# IBSS/ad-hoc network with WPA-None/TKIP.
network={
 ssid="test adhoc"
 mode=1
 frequency=2412
 proto=WPA
 key_mgmt=WPA-NONE
 pairwise=NONE
 group=TKIP
 psk="secret passphrase"
}

# Catch all example that allows more or less all configuration modes
network={
 ssid="example"
 scan_ssid=1
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP WPA-PSK IEEE8021X NONE
 pairwise=CCMP TKIP
 group=CCMP TKIP WEP104 WEP40
 psk="very secret passphrase"
 eap=TTLS PEAP TLS
 identity=" user@example.com"
 password="foobar"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 client_cert="/etc/cert/user.pem"
 private_key="/etc/cert/user.prv"
 private_key_passwd="password"
 phase1="peaplabel=0"
}
# Example of EAP-TLS with smartcard (openssl engine)
network={
 ssid="example"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=TLS
 proto=RSN
 pairwise=CCMP TKIP
 group=CCMP TKIP
 identity=" user@example.com"
 ca_cert="/etc/cert/ca.pem"
 client_cert="/etc/cert/user.pem"
 engine=1
 # The engine configured here must be available. Look at
 # OpenSSL engine support in the global section.
 # The key available through the engine must be the private key
 # matching the client certificate configured above.
 # use the opensc engine
 #engine_id="opensc"
 #key_id="45"
 # use the pkcs11 engine
 engine_id="pkcs11"
 key_id="id_45"
 # Optional PIN configuration; this can be left out and PIN will be
 # asked through the control interface
 pin="1234"
}
# Example configuration showing how to use an inlined blob as a CA certificate
# data instead of using external file
network={
 ssid="example"
 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
 eap=TTLS
 identity=" user@example.com"
 anonymous_identity=" anonymous@example.com"
 password="foobar"
 ca_cert="blob://exampleblob"
 priority=20
}
blob-base64-exampleblob={
SGVsbG8gV29ybGQhCg==
}

# Wildcard match for SSID (plaintext APs only). This example select any
# open AP regardless of its SSID.
network={
 key_mgmt=NONE
}