git stash使用教程

git stash用于将当前工作区的修改暂存起来,就像堆栈一样,可以随时将某一次缓存的修改再重新应用到当前工作区。一旦用好了这个命令,会极大提高工作效率。
举例说明:

1、准备工作,首先初始化一个git仓

随便建立一个目录,进去,然后使用 :
$: git init .
添加一个文件:
$: touch hello
$: git add .
$: git commit -m "first add"

2、暂存当前修改内容(git stash)

假设我们在写一个C函数,如下:
$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
+void main(void) {return func1();}

调试OK,发现func1功能OK,但是应该优化一下,可能效率更高,这个时候怎么办?
直接改func1的话,如果发现修改不合适,想回退的话很麻烦,这个时候可以用git stash将将修改暂存起来。

$: ~/code/linux/git$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean

3、弹出修改内容(git stash pop)

这个时候你重新编写func1, 发现效果不好,后悔了,于是可以用git stash pop命令,弹出刚才的内容(注意先用git checkout . 清空工作区)

$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..9c5bff3 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+some bad chenges....
$:~/code/linux/git$ git checkout .
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash pop
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

    modified:   hello.c

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (208ca2e2c0c455da554986a6770a74ad0de5b1e0)
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
+void main(void) {return func1();}

注意,git stash pop 弹出成功后,暂存列表里面就没有了,如果当前工作区不干净,弹出时有冲突,则暂存列表会继续保留修改。

4、可以保存多个修改

假设你在实现一个功能,有好几种算法可以实现,你想逐个尝试看效果。
现在你在func1中实现了一种方法,准备尝试写func2,用另一种方法。
那么可以将func1的修改入栈,去写fun2,等fun2写好后,你又想试试func3,那么没关系,可以用同样的方法保存func2的修改:

$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
+void main(void) {return func1();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..7fd0a13 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func2(void) {printf("this is func2");}
+void main(void) {return func2();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean

5、查看保存的内容列表(git stash list)

现在我们保存了两个修改,一个func1,一个func2,可以通过git stash list去查看保存内容列表:

$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash list
stash@{0}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
stash@{1}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

可以清楚的看到这两次修改,stash@{0}和stash@{1}, 那么哪个对应func1,哪个对应func2的修改呢?
这时我们需要使用git stash show stash@{X}命令来查看,其中‘X’表示列表号。

$:~/code/linux/git$ git show stash@{0}
commit 72e6a391bcad186ab24676aa1db8d5831c99cec9
Merge: 452b08d 6c95c30
Author: hiekay
Date:   Sat Mar 12 19:56:18 2016 +0800

    WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

diff --cc hello.c
index e69de29,e69de29..7fd0a13
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@@ -1,0 -1,0 +1,2 @@@
++void func2(void) {printf("this is func2");}
++void main(void) {return func2();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git show stash@{1}
commit 7fcca4b66640c51ca76e637df03264b7c41885be
Merge: 452b08d 1c37881
Author: hiekay
Date:   Sat Mar 12 19:54:35 2016 +0800

    WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

diff --cc hello.c
index e69de29,e69de29..bdc92a5
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@@ -1,0 -1,0 +1,2 @@@
++void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
++void main(void) {return func1();}

发现stash@{0}对应func2的修改, stash@{1}对应func1的修改,原来新入栈的修改,其代号为0,循环命名。

6、应用任意一次修改到当前目录(git apply stash@{x})

如果现在又想回到func1的修改,怎么办呢?在工作区干净的情况下,要使用git stash apply stash@{1}。
注意这时不能使用git stash pop, 它将最栈顶,即stash@{0}的修改弹出来,而func1现在已经是stash@{1}了。

$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash apply stash@{1}
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

    modified:   hello.c

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
+void main(void) {return func1();}

可见git stash apply可以将列表中任何一次修改应用到当前工作区,我们再次git stash list一把:

$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash list
stash@{0}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
stash@{1}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

我们发现,虽然func1的修改已经被弹出应用到当前工作区,其修改内容还继续保留在暂存列表,并未丢弃。
当然,我们可以使用git stash drop stash@{1}来丢掉stash@{1}

7、保存时打标记(git stash save)

假设现在我们又开始尝试写func3, 这样越来越多,这样列表会越来越大,你要想搞清楚某次修改对应哪个函数,就要挨个用git stash show看一遍,很麻烦。
那么,这个时候git stash 的save参数就有用了,它可以为这次暂存做个标记,使得你用git stash list的时候显示这些标记,方便你回忆是修改的什么:

$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..786c214 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func3(void) {printf("this is func3");}
+void main(void) {return func3();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash save "this is func3"
Saved working directory and index state On master: this is func3
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash list
stash@{0}: On master: this is func3
stash@{1}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
stash@{2}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

我们在save后面指定一个字符串,作为提醒,这样在git stash list查看时就能知道每一个代号对应的修改了。

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