本文介绍了MySQL中关于SSL连接的详细信息，包括在不同安全模式下如何建立SSL连接，如何处理caching_sha2_password认证问题，以及在require_secure_transport开启和关闭时的连接行为。此外，还探讨了PEM文件的使用，包括生成、复制和在客户端连接中的作用，以及服务端PEM文件变化对连接的影响。
Mysql 中的SSL 连接
以下来自网络参考和自己测试整理，没有查找相关资料。若有错误之处，欢迎指正。
当前的Mysql 客户端版本基本都不太能支持 caching_sha2_password 认证，使用Mysql 8.0 的话，建议添加参数：
default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
否则可能导致客户端连接失败。以下的案例也是基于此。客户端的不支持会导致不能反映真实结果。
当前数据库中的用户
root@(none):53: >select host,user,ssl_type,ssl_cipher,x509_issuer,x509_subject,plugin from mysql.user;
+--------------+------------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| host | user | ssl_type | ssl_cipher | x509_issuer | x509_subject | plugin |
+--------------+------------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| % | rep | | | | | mysql_native_password |
| % | root | | | | | mysql_native_password |
| % | test | | | | | mysql_native_password |
| % | test1 | | | | | caching_sha2_password |
| 192.168.20.% | cat | X509 | | | | mysql_native_password |
| localhost | mysql.infoschema | | | | | caching_sha2_password |
| localhost | mysql.session | | | | | caching_sha2_password |
| localhost | mysql.sys | | | | | caching_sha2_password |
| localhost | root | | | | | caching_sha2_password |
+--------------+------------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
require_secure_transport = OFF 模式
此为默认设置,该模式下用户可以不通过ssl加密连接到数据库
-- 不通过SSL连接方式
mysql -h mysql1 -utest -ptest --ssl-mode=DISABLED
SSL: Not in use
-- 通过SSL连接方式
mysql -h mysql1 -utest -ptest
mysql -h mysql1 -utest -ptest --ssl-mode=PREFERRED
mysql -h mysql1 -utest1 -ptest1 --ssl-mode=PREFERRED
mysql -h mysql1 -utest1 -ptest1 --ssl-mode=REQUIRED
SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
navicate 只配置常规选项卡即可连接
连接之后为非加密模式
show status like 'ssl_cipher';
但我们同样可以使用加密连接
require_secure_transport = ON 模式下
强制要求配置ssl
如果不使用SSL 连接会报错，MySQL 命令行
-- 不使用SSL
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -utest -ptest --ssl-mode=disabled
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 3159 (HY000): Connections using insecure transport are prohibited while --require_secure_transport=ON.
-- 使用SSL
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -utest -ptest
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 17
Server version: 8.0.16 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show status like 'ssl_cipher';
+---------------+---------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+---------------------------+
| Ssl_cipher | DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 |
+---------------+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
SSL-MODE 有如下5中选项
'DISABLEDD'--不使用SSL加密
'PREFERRED','REQUIRED'--使用SSL 加密，加密算法没差别
'VERIFY_CA','VERIFY_IDENTITY' --需附加--ssl-ca 等选项
PEM 的使用
官方文档会推荐我们初始化Mysql 后执行如下命令
mysql_ssl_rsa_setup --datadir=datadir路径，该命令会在数据目录下生成如下这些文件。
那么该如何使用这些文件呢？
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# ll /u01/mydata1/*.pem
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1680 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/ca-key.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/ca.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/client-cert.pem
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1680 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/client-key.pem
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/private_key.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 452 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/public_key.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/server-cert.pem
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1680 Jun 4 03:12 /u01/mydata1/server-key.pem
创建用户
root@(none):39: >create user cat@'192.168.20.%' identified with mysql_native_password by 'cat' require ssl; -- 这时要求该用户必须使用SSL，即使参数require_secure_transport = OFF
root@(none):39: >grant all on *.* to cat@'192.168.20.%';
root@(none):39: >alter user cat@'192.168.20.%' require x509; -- 这里就要求使用pem 文件了
root@(none):39: >select host,user,ssl_type,ssl_cipher,x509_issuer,x509_subject,plugin from mysql.user where user='cat' \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
host: 192.168.20.%
user: cat
ssl_type: X509
ssl_cipher:
x509_issuer:
x509_subject:
plugin: mysql_native_password
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
测试 SSL 常规连接,将会失败
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -ucat -pcat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'cat'@'192.168.20.82' (using password: YES)
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -ucat -pcat --ssl-mode=PREFERRED
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'cat'@'192.168.20.82' (using password: YES)
复制pem文件
再想成功连接就需要使用到PEM 文件了，将server端pem 文件copy 到客户端
#mysql1
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# scp client-cert.pem mysql2:/home/mysql
client-cert.pem 100% 1112 873.8KB/s 00:00
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# scp client-key.pem mysql2:/home/mysql
client-key.pem 100% 1680 169.9KB/s 00:00
#mysql2
[root@mysql2 ~]# ll /home/mysql
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1112 Jul 14 09:43 client-cert.pem
-rw------- 1 root root 1680 Jul 14 09:43 client-key.pem
使用pem,成功连接
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -ucat -pcat --ssl-cert=/home/mysql/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/home/mysql/client-key.pem
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 50
Server version: 8.0.16 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
--ssl-ca 参数也可以使用，同样需要将server 段的ca.pem 复制到客户端。如
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -ucat -pcat --ssl-ca=/home/mysql/ca.pem --ssl-cert=/home/mysql/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/home/mysql/client-key.pem
工具连接
需要下载server端的pem 文件到自己电脑，为连接工具指定pem文件位置方可连接到数据库。
添加用户需要重新copy pem 文件吗？
-- 添加用户
root@(none):09: >create user dog@'192.168.20.%' identified with mysql_native_password by 'dog' require x509; -- 使用x509 可以不指定require ssl，但仍会强制要求SSL
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
root@(none):09: >grant all on *.* to dog@'192.168.20.%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
添加新用户，不用重新copy
-- 成功连接
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -udog -pdog --ssl-cert=/home/mysql/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/home/mysql/client-key.pem
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 13
Server version: 8.0.16 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
说明pem 文件在安装好数据库后是固定不变的。copy 到客户端后可以永久使用，不受数据库变更的影响。
服务端的pem 文件和ssl连接有关联吗？
#将所有的pem文件移动走
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# mkdir pemdefault
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# mv *.pem pemdefault/
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# ll *.pem
ls: cannot access *.pem: No such file or directory
# 测试客户端连接
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -udog -pdog --ssl-cert=/home/mysql/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/home/mysql/client-key.pem
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 35
Server version: 8.0.16 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
说明，服务端的*.pem文件被删除并不影响客户端的SSL 连接.
但是，如果重启数据库, 服务端会重新生成新的pem文件。
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# ll *.pem
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1680 Jul 14 10:24 ca-key.pem
-rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jul 14 10:24 ca.pem
-rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jul 14 10:24 client-cert.pem
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1680 Jul 14 10:24 client-key.pem
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jul 14 10:24 private_key.pem
-rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 452 Jul 14 10:24 public_key.pem
-rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jul 14 10:24 server-cert.pem
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1680 Jul 14 10:24 server-key.pem
这时再远程连接就报错了
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -udog -pdog --ssl-cert=/home/mysql/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/home/mysql/client-key.pem
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error: error:1409441B:SSL routines:ssl3_read_bytes:tlsv1 alert decrypt error
重新copy pem文件到客户端, 再次连接测试
#copy pem文件
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# scp client-cert.pem mysql2:/home/mysql
client-cert.pem 100% 1112 1.4MB/s 00:00
[root@mysql1 mydata1]# scp client-key.pem mysql2:/home/mysql
client-key.pem
#连接恢复
[root@mysql2 ~]# mysql -h mysql1 -udog -pdog --ssl-cert=/home/mysql/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/home/mysql/client-key.pem
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 19
Server version: 8.0.16 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
所以综上，虽然pem ssl 远程连接不需要通过服务端的pem 文件匹配验证，但仍然不能删除服务端pem文件，因为删除后重启数据库会重新生成新的pem 文件，将导致远程连接失败，需要重新copy。
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