SQL> startup 
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/opt/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/initnpass.ora'


解决方法：

cp /opt/oracle/app/admin/orcl/pfile/init.ora.3172012194951 /opt/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/initnpass.ora 注initnpass.ora 文件名字根据数据库实例不同而不同，注意看提示

>lsnrctl start