ERC721 官方简介是：A standard interface for non-fungible tokens, also known as deeds.也叫非同质代币，或者不可置换代币（NFTs）。提到ERC721，一个好理解的例子就是CryptoKitties 迷恋猫，每一只猫都是独一无二的拥有不同基因，有收藏价值属性。ERC721对于虚拟资产收藏品领域会有很好的应用价值和市场需求。
它和我写的上一篇《OpenZeppelin ERC20源码分析》介绍的ERC20有所不同，ERC721最小的单位为1无法再分割，代表独一无二的，针对不可置换的Token的智能合约标准接口。从 ERC721标准草案中可以看到，兼容ERC20的方法有4个：name，symbol，totalSupply，balanceOf 添加的新方法：ownerOf，takeOwnership ERC721还重写了approve和transfer。
分析OpenZeppelin ERC721源码前同样我画了一个继承和调用关系的思维导图，可以帮助更容易地看源码。
ERC721Basic.sol
pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
/**
* @title ERC721 标准的基本接口
* @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-721.md
*/
contract ERC721Basic {
event Transfer(
address indexed _from,
address indexed _to,
uint256 _tokenId
);
event Approval(
address indexed _owner,
address indexed _approved,
uint256 _tokenId
);
event ApprovalForAll(
address indexed _owner,
address indexed _operator,
bool _approved
);
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 _balance);
function ownerOf(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (address _owner);
function exists(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (bool _exists);
function approve(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) public;
function getApproved(uint256 _tokenId)
public view returns (address _operator);
function setApprovalForAll(address _operator, bool _approved) public;
function isApprovedForAll(address _owner, address _operator)
public view returns (bool);
function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _tokenId) public;
function safeTransferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _tokenId)
public;
function safeTransferFrom(
address _from,
address _to,
uint256 _tokenId,
bytes _data
)
public;
}ERC721Basic 合约定义了基本的接口方法：
- balanceOf 返回_owner的代币数量
- ownerOf 根据_tokenId返回代币持有者address
- exists _tokenId是否存在
- approve 授权_tokenId给地址to
- getApproved 查询_tokenId的授权人_operator address
- setApprovalForAll 授权_operator具有所有代币的控制权
- isApprovedForAll
- transferFrom 转移代币所有权
- safeTransferFrom 转移代币所有权
同时还定义了Transfer Approval ApprovalForAll 在后面的ERC721实现的代码中再来看事件的触发。
ERC721.sol
pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
import "./ERC721Basic.sol";
/**
* @title ERC-721 标准的基本接口, 可选的枚举扩展
* @dev See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-721.md
*/
contract ERC721Enumerable is ERC721Basic {
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(
address _owner,
uint256 _index
)
public
view
returns (uint256 _tokenId);
function tokenByIndex(uint256 _index) public view returns (uint256);
}
/**
* @title ERC-721 ERC-721 标准的基本接口, 可选的元数据扩展
* @dev See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-721.md
*/
contract ERC721Metadata is ERC721Basic {
function name() public view returns (string _name);
function symbol() public view returns (string _symbol);
function tokenURI(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (string);
}
/**
* @title ERC-721 标准的基本接口,完整实现接口
* @dev See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-721.md
*/
contract ERC721 is ERC721Basic, ERC721Enumerable, ERC721Metadata {
}ERC721 合约继承了 ERC721Basic 的基础上，添加枚举和元数据的扩展。
ERC721Enumerable枚举扩展可以使代币更具有可访问性:
- totalSupply 返回代币总量
- tokenOfOwnerByIndex 通过_owner所有者地址和索引值返回所有者代币列表中的_tokenId
- tokenByIndex 通过索引值返回tokenId
ERC721Metadata元数据扩展哦用来描述合约元信息
- name 返回合约名字
- symbol 返回代币符号
- tokenURI 返回_tokenId对应的资源URI
ERC721BasicToken
pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
import "./ERC721Basic.sol";
import "./ERC721Receiver.sol";
import "../../math/SafeMath.sol";
import "../../AddressUtils.sol";
/**
* @title ERC721 标准基本实现
* @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-721.md
*/
contract ERC721BasicToken is ERC721Basic {
using SafeMath for uint256;
using AddressUtils for address;
// Equals to `bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,uint256,bytes)"))`
// which can be also obtained as `ERC721Receiver(0).onERC721Received.selector`
bytes4 constant ERC721_RECEIVED = 0xf0b9e5ba;
// token ID 到 持有人owner的映射
mapping (uint256 => address) internal tokenOwner;
// token ID 到授权地址address的映射
mapping (uint256 => address) internal tokenApprovals;
// 持有人到持有的token数量的映射
mapping (address => uint256) internal ownedTokensCount;
// 持有人到操作人授权的映射
mapping (address => mapping (address => bool)) internal operatorApprovals;
/**
* @dev 确保msg.sender是tokenId的持有人
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to validate its ownership belongs to msg.sender
*/
modifier onlyOwnerOf(uint256 _tokenId) {
require(ownerOf(_tokenId) == msg.sender);
_;
}
/**
* @dev 通过检查msg.sender是否是代币的持有人，被授权或者操作人来确保msg.sender可以交易一个token
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to validate
*/
modifier canTransfer(uint256 _tokenId) {
require(isApprovedOrOwner(msg.sender, _tokenId));
_;
}
/**
* @dev 获取持有者的代币总数
* @param _owner address to query the balance of
* @return uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address
*/
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
require(_owner != address(0));
return ownedTokensCount[_owner];
}
/**
* @dev 根据token ID获取持有者
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query the owner of
* @return owner address currently marked as the owner of the given token ID
*/
function ownerOf(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (address) {
address owner = tokenOwner[_tokenId];
require(owner != address(0));
return owner;
}
/**
* @dev 指定的token是否存在
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query the existence of
* @return whether the token exists
*/
function exists(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (bool) {
address owner = tokenOwner[_tokenId];
return owner != address(0);
}
/**
* @dev 批准另一个人address来交易指定的代币
* @dev 0 address 表示没有授权的地址
* @dev 给定的时间内，一个token只能有一个批准的地址
* @dev 只有token的持有者或者授权的操作人才可以调用
* @param _to address to be approved for the given token ID
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be approved
*/
function approve(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) public {
address owner = ownerOf(_tokenId);
require(_to != owner);
require(msg.sender == owner || isApprovedForAll(owner, msg.sender));
if (getApproved(_tokenId) != address(0) || _to != address(0)) {
tokenApprovals[_tokenId] = _to;
emit Approval(owner, _to, _tokenId);
}
}
/**
* @dev 获取token被授权的地址，如果没有设置地址则为0
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query the approval of
* @return address currently approved for the given token ID
*/
function getApproved(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (address) {
return tokenApprovals[_tokenId];
}
/**
* @dev 设置或者取消对操作人的授权
* @dev 一个操作人可以代表他们转让发送者的所有token
* @param _to operator address to set the approval
* @param _approved representing the status of the approval to be set
*/
function setApprovalForAll(address _to, bool _approved) public {
require(_to != msg.sender);
operatorApprovals[msg.sender][_to] = _approved;
emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, _to, _approved);
}
/**
* @dev 查询是否操作人被指定的持有者授权
* @param _owner 要查询的授权人地址
* @param _operator 要查询的授权操作人地址
* @return bool whether the given operator is approved by the given owner
*/
function isApprovedForAll(
address _owner,
address _operator
)
public
view
returns (bool)
{
return operatorApprovals[_owner][_operator];
}
/**
* @dev 将指定的token所有权转移给另外一个地址
* @dev 不鼓励使用这个方法，尽量使用`safeTransferFrom`
* @dev 要求 msg.sender 必须为所有者，已授权或者操作人
* @param _from current owner of the token
* @param _to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
*/
function transferFrom(
address _from,
address _to,
uint256 _tokenId
)
public
canTransfer(_tokenId)
{
require(_from != address(0));
require(_to != address(0));
clearApproval(_from, _tokenId);
removeTokenFrom(_from, _tokenId);
addTokenTo(_to, _tokenId);
emit Transfer(_from, _to, _tokenId);
}
/**
* @dev 更安全的方法，将指定的token所有权转移给另外一个地址
* @dev 如果目标地址是一个合约，必须实现 `onERC721Received`,这个要求安全交易并返回值
`bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,uint256,bytes)"))`; 否则交易被还原
* @dev 要求 msg.sender 必须为所有者，已授权或者操作人
* @param _from current owner of the token
* @param _to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
*/
function safeTransferFrom(
address _from,
address _to,
uint256 _tokenId
)
public
canTransfer(_tokenId)
{
safeTransferFrom(_from, _to, _tokenId, "");
}
/**
* @dev 更安全的方法，将指定的token所有权转移给另外一个地址
* @dev 如果目标地址是一个合约，必须实现 `onERC721Received`,这个要求安全交易并返回值
`bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,uint256,bytes)"))`; 否则交易被还原
* @dev 要求 msg.sender 必须为所有者，已授权或者操作人
* @param _from current owner of the token
* @param _to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
* @param _data bytes data to send along with a safe transfer check
*/
function safeTransferFrom(
address _from,
address _to,
uint256 _tokenId,
bytes _data
)
public
canTransfer(_tokenId)
{
transferFrom(_from, _to, _tokenId);
require(checkAndCallSafeTransfer(_from, _to, _tokenId, _data));
}
/**
* @dev 返回给定的spender是否可以交易一个给定的token
* @param _spender address of the spender to query
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
* @return bool whether the msg.sender is approved for the given token ID,
* is an operator of the owner, or is the owner of the token
*/
function isApprovedOrOwner(
address _spender,
uint256 _tokenId
)
internal
view
returns (bool)
{
address owner = ownerOf(_tokenId);
return (
_spender == owner ||
getApproved(_tokenId) == _spender ||
isApprovedForAll(owner, _spender)
);
}
/**
* @dev 增发一个新token的内部方法
* @dev 如果增发的token已经存在则撤销
* @param _to The address that will own the minted token
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be minted by the msg.sender
*/
function _mint(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
require(_to != address(0));
addTokenTo(_to, _tokenId);
emit Transfer(address(0), _to, _tokenId);
}
/**
* @dev 销毁一个token的内部方法
* @dev 如果token不存在则撤销
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token being burned by the msg.sender
*/
function _burn(address _owner, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
clearApproval(_owner, _tokenId);
removeTokenFrom(_owner, _tokenId);
emit Transfer(_owner, address(0), _tokenId);
}
/**
* @dev 清除当前的给定token的授权，内部方法
* @dev 如果给定地址不是token的持有者则撤销
* @param _owner owner of the token
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
*/
function clearApproval(address _owner, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
require(ownerOf(_tokenId) == _owner);
if (tokenApprovals[_tokenId] != address(0)) {
tokenApprovals[_tokenId] = address(0);
emit Approval(_owner, address(0), _tokenId);
}
}
/**
* @dev 内部方法，将给定的token添加到给定地址列表中
* @param _to address 指定token的新所有者
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list of the given address
*/
function addTokenTo(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
require(tokenOwner[_tokenId] == address(0));
tokenOwner[_tokenId] = _to;
ownedTokensCount[_to] = ownedTokensCount[_to].add(1);
}
/**
* @dev 内部方法，将给定的token从地址列表中移除
* @param _from address 给定token的之前持有中地址
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list of the given address
*/
function removeTokenFrom(address _from, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
require(ownerOf(_tokenId) == _from);
ownedTokensCount[_from] = ownedTokensCount[_from].sub(1);
tokenOwner[_tokenId] = address(0);
}
/**
* @dev 内部函数，调用目标地址上的 `onERC721Received`
* @dev 如果目标地址不是合同则不执行调用
* @param _from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
* @param _to target address that will receive the tokens
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
* @param _data bytes optional data to send along with the call
* @return whether the call correctly returned the expected magic value
*/
function checkAndCallSafeTransfer(
address _from,
address _to,
uint256 _tokenId,
bytes _data
)
internal
returns (bool)
{
if (!_to.isContract()) {
return true;
}
bytes4 retval = ERC721Receiver(_to).onERC721Received(
_from, _tokenId, _data);
return (retval == ERC721_RECEIVED);
}
}ERC721BasicToken 实现了ERC721Basic合约定义的接口方法，主要对token的持有人的一个添加和修改，以及授权和交易的管理，实现了基本的非同质化token的业务逻辑。具体方法实现并不难，就是对映射的公有变量的管理，但是对于权限和安全验证值得关注，比如函数修改器还有require。
ERC721Token.sol
pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
import "./ERC721.sol";
import "./ERC721BasicToken.sol";
/**
* @title 完整 ERC721 Token
* 该实现包括所有ERC721标准必须的和可选的方法，此外还包括使用操作者批准所有功能
* @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-721.md
*/
contract ERC721Token is ERC721, ERC721BasicToken {
// 代币名称
string internal name_;
// 代币符号
string internal symbol_;
// 所有者到所有者拥有的代币列表的映射
mapping(address => uint256[]) internal ownedTokens;
// 所有者代币列表中代币ID到索引的映射
mapping(uint256 => uint256) internal ownedTokensIndex;
// 保存所有代币ID的数组，用于枚举
uint256[] internal allTokens;
// allTokens数组中代币ID到索引的映射
mapping(uint256 => uint256) internal allTokensIndex;
// 可选的代币资源URIs映射
mapping(uint256 => string) internal tokenURIs;
/**
* @dev Constructor function
*/
constructor(string _name, string _symbol) public {
name_ = _name;
symbol_ = _symbol;
}
/**
* @dev 获取代币名称
* @return string representing the token name
*/
function name() public view returns (string) {
return name_;
}
/**
* @dev 获取代币符号
* @return string representing the token symbol
*/
function symbol() public view returns (string) {
return symbol_;
}
/**
* @dev 根据_tokenId返回对应的资源URI
* @dev 如果token不存在异常返回空字符串
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query
*/
function tokenURI(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (string) {
require(exists(_tokenId));
return tokenURIs[_tokenId];
}
/**
* @dev 获取token id 通过给定的token列表中的索引
* @param _owner address owning the tokens list to be accessed
* @param _index uint256 representing the index to be accessed of the requested tokens list
* @return uint256 token ID at the given index of the tokens list owned by the requested address
*/
function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(
address _owner,
uint256 _index
)
public
view
returns (uint256)
{
require(_index < balanceOf(_owner));
return ownedTokens[_owner][_index];
}
/**
* @dev 获取合约存储的token总数
* @return uint256 representing the total amount of tokens
*/
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
return allTokens.length;
}
/**
* @dev 根据token 索引值获取合约中token的
* @dev 如果索引大于等于token总数则撤销
* @param _index uint256 representing the index to be accessed of the tokens list
* @return uint256 token ID at the given index of the tokens list
*/
function tokenByIndex(uint256 _index) public view returns (uint256) {
require(_index < totalSupply());
return allTokens[_index];
}
/**
* @dev 内部方法，给存在token添加token URI
* @dev Reverts if the token ID does not exist
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to set its URI
* @param _uri string URI to assign
*/
function _setTokenURI(uint256 _tokenId, string _uri) internal {
require(exists(_tokenId));
tokenURIs[_tokenId] = _uri;
}
/**
* @dev 内部方法，添加token ID 到给定的地址的列表中
* @param _to address 给定token ID的新的持有者
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list of the given address
*/
function addTokenTo(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
// 调用父合约的addTokenTo
super.addTokenTo(_to, _tokenId);
uint256 length = ownedTokens[_to].length;
ownedTokens[_to].push(_tokenId);
//当前的长度作为索引
ownedTokensIndex[_tokenId] = length;
}
/**
* @dev 内部方法，从一个给定地址的列表中移除token
* @param _from address 给定token ID的之前的持有者address
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list of the given address
*/
function removeTokenFrom(address _from, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
// 调用父合约的移除方法
super.removeTokenFrom(_from, _tokenId);
// 获取token的索引
uint256 tokenIndex = ownedTokensIndex[_tokenId];
// 获取持有人token的最后一个token索引
uint256 lastTokenIndex = ownedTokens[_from].length.sub(1);
// 获取最后一个token
uint256 lastToken = ownedTokens[_from][lastTokenIndex];
//将最后一个token放到被删除的索引位置，lastTokenIndex置0
ownedTokens[_from][tokenIndex] = lastToken;
ownedTokens[_from][lastTokenIndex] = 0;
// 注意这里需要处理单元素数组，tokenIndex和lastTokenIndex都将置0.然后可以确保将ownedTokens列表中删除_tokenId,首先将lastToken换到第一个位置，然后删除列表最后位置的元素
ownedTokens[_from].length--;
ownedTokensIndex[_tokenId] = 0;
ownedTokensIndex[lastToken] = tokenIndex;
}
/**
* @dev 内部方法，增发一个新的token
* @dev 如果token已经存在了就撤销
* @param _to address the beneficiary that will own the minted token
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be minted by the msg.sender
*/
function _mint(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
super._mint(_to, _tokenId);
allTokensIndex[_tokenId] = allTokens.length;
allTokens.push(_tokenId);
}
/**
* @dev 内部方法，销毁一个指定的token
* @dev token不存在则撤销
* @param _owner owner of the token to burn
* @param _tokenId uint256 ID of the token being burned by the msg.sender
*/
function _burn(address _owner, uint256 _tokenId) internal {
super._burn(_owner, _tokenId);
// 清除资源URI
if (bytes(tokenURIs[_tokenId]).length != 0) {
delete tokenURIs[_tokenId];
}
// 做所有的token数组后续处理
uint256 tokenIndex = allTokensIndex[_tokenId];
uint256 lastTokenIndex = allTokens.length.sub(1);
uint256 lastToken = allTokens[lastTokenIndex];
// 可以参考增发removeTokenFrom
allTokens[tokenIndex] = lastToken;
allTokens[lastTokenIndex] = 0;
allTokens.length--;
allTokensIndex[_tokenId] = 0;
allTokensIndex[lastToken] = tokenIndex;
}
}ERC721Token实现了完整的ERC721标准，在继承了ERC721BasicToken的基础上增加了一些token的操作，主要在包括token的元数据，资源URI，增发销毁，还有就是token索引的映射关系。对于具体实现我们根据实际情况通过继承ERC721BasicToken或者ERC721Token来添加自己的业务逻辑。
OpenZeppelin ERC721源码分析到这里就结束了。
转载请注明： 转载自Ryan是菜鸟 | LNMP技术栈笔记
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