作者:Huseyin Atasoy
介绍
我们将学习如何写一个简单的web服务器,用于响应知名的HTTP请求(GET和POST),用C#发送响应。然后,我们从网络访问这台服务器,这次我们会说“Hello world!”
背景
HTTP协议
HTTP是服务器和客户机之间的通信协议。它使用TCP/IP协议来发送/接收请求/响应。
有几个HTTP方法,我们将实现两个:GET和POST。
GET
当我们将一个地址输入到我们的Web浏览器的地址栏中,按下回车键时,会发生什么情况?(虽然我们使
用TCP/IP,但我们不指定端口号,因为HTTP默认使用80端口,我们并不需要指定80)
GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: \r\n
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:14.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/14.0.1\r\n
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8\r\n
Accept-Language: tr-tr,tr;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3\r\n
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\r\n
Connection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n
该GET请求使用TCP/IP通过浏览器向服务器发送,请求的是的根目录下的内容。
我们可以添加更多的头信息,最基本的信息如下:
GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: \r\n\r\n
POST
POST请求和GET请求类似,在GET请求里,变量加到url的?下面,POST请求,变量加到两行回车的下面,并需要指定内容长度。
POST /index.html HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: \r\n
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:15.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/15.0.1\r\n
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8\r\n
Accept-Language: tr-tr,tr;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3\r\n
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\r\n
Connection: keep-alive\r\n
Referer: 外链网址已屏蔽/\r\n
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n
Content-Length: 35\r\n\r\n
variable1=value1&variable2=value2
简化版本如下:
POST /index.html HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: \r\n
Content-Length: 35\r\n\r\n
variable1=value1&variable2=value2
响应
当服务器接收到一个请求进行解析,并返回一个响应状态代码:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n
Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)\r\n
Content-Length: {content_length}\r\n
Connection: close\r\n
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8\r\n\r\n
the content of which length is equal to {content_length}
这是一个响应头,"200 OK"便是一切OK,请求的内容将被返回。状态码有很多,我们经常使用200,501,404。
“501 Not Implemented”方法未实现。我们将只实现GET和POST。如果通过其它方法请求,我们将发送此代码。
“404 Not Found”:没有找到请求的内容。
内容类型
服务器必须指定它们的响应中的内容的类型。有许多内容类型,这些也被称为“MIME(多用途互联网邮件扩展)类型”(因为它们也可以用来识别非ASCII的电子邮件)。以下是在我们的实现中,我们将使用的内容类型:(您可以修改代码并添加更多)
text/html
text/xml
text/plain
text/css
image/png
image/gif
image/jpg
image/jpeg
application/zip
如果服务器指定了错误的内容类型的内容会被曲解。例如,如果一台服务器发送纯文本,使用“图像/ png”类型,客户端试图显示的文字图像。
多线程
如果我们使我们的服务器可以同时响应多个客户端,我们必须为每个请求创建新的线程。因此,每个线程处理一个请求,并退出完成它的使命。(多线程也加快了页面加载,因为如果我们请求一个页面,页面中使用了CSS和图像,每个图像和CSS文件会以GET方式发送请求)。
一个简单的Web服务器的实现
现在,我们准备实现一个简单的Web服务器。首先,让我们来定义变量,我们将使用:
public bool running = false; // Is it running?
private int timeout = 8; // Time limit for data transfers.
private Encoding charEncoder = Encoding.UTF8; // To encode string
private Socket serverSocket; // Our server socket
private string contentPath; // Root path of our contents
// Content types that are supported by our server
// You can add more...
// To see other types:
private Dictionary extensions = new Dictionary()
{
//{ "extension", "content type" }
{ "htm", "text/html" },
{ "html", "text/html" },
{ "xml", "text/xml" },
{ "txt", "text/plain" },
{ "css", "text/css" },
{ "png", "image/png" },
{ "gif", "image/gif" },
{ "jpg", "image/jpg" },
{ "jpeg", "image/jpeg" },
{ "zip", "application/zip"}
};
启动服务器的方法:
public bool start(IPAddress ipAddress, int port, int maxNOfCon, string contentPath)
{
if (running) return false; // If it is already running, exit.
try
{
// A tcp/ip socket (ipv4)
serverSocket = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream,
ProtocolType.Tcp);
serverSocket.Bind(new IPEndPoint(ipAddress, port));
serverSocket.Listen(maxNOfCon);
serverSocket.ReceiveTimeout = timeout;
serverSocket.SendTimeout = timeout;
running = true;
this.contentPath = contentPath;
}
catch { return false; }
// Our thread that will listen connection requests
// and create new threads to handle them.
Thread requestListenerT = new Thread(() =>
{
while (running)
{
Socket clientSocket;
try
{
clientSocket = serverSocket.Accept();
// Create new thread to handle the request and continue to listen the socket.
Thread requestHandler = new Thread(() =>
{
clientSocket.ReceiveTimeout = timeout;
clientSocket.SendTimeout = timeout;
try { handleTheRequest(clientSocket); }
catch
{
try { clientSocket.Close(); } catch { }
}
});
requestHandler.Start();
}
catch{}
}
});
requestListenerT.Start();
return true;
}
停止服务器的方法
public void stop()
{
if (running)
{
running = false;
try { serverSocket.Close(); }
catch { }
serverSocket = null;
}
}
最重要的部分代码:
private void handleTheRequest(Socket clientSocket)
{
byte[] buffer = new byte[10240]; // 10 kb, just in case
int receivedBCount = clientSocket.Receive(buffer); // Receive the request
string strReceived = charEncoder.GetString(buffer, 0, receivedBCount);
// Parse method of the request
string httpMethod = strReceived.Substring(0, strReceived.IndexOf(" "));
int start = strReceived.IndexOf(httpMethod) + httpMethod.Length + 1;
int length = strReceived.LastIndexOf("HTTP") - start - 1;
string requestedUrl = strReceived.Substring(start, length);
string requestedFile;
if (httpMethod.Equals("GET") || httpMethod.Equals("POST"))
requestedFile = requestedUrl.Split('?')[0];
else // You can implement other methods...
{
notImplemented(clientSocket);
return;
}
requestedFile = requestedFile.Replace("/", @"\").Replace("\\..", "");
start = requestedFile.LastIndexOf('.') + 1;
if (start > 0)
{
length = requestedFile.Length - start;
string extension = requestedFile.Substring(start, length);
if (extensions.ContainsKey(extension)) // Do we support this extension?
if (File.Exists(contentPath + requestedFile)) //If yes check existence of the file
// Everything is OK, send requested file with correct content type:
sendOkResponse(clientSocket,
File.ReadAllBytes(contentPath + requestedFile), extensions[extension]);
else
notFound(clientSocket); // We don't support this extension.
// We are assuming that it doesn't exist.
}
else
{
// If file is not specified try to send index.htm or index.html
// You can add more (default.htm, default.html)
if (requestedFile.Substring(length - 1, 1) != @"\")
requestedFile += @"\";
if (File.Exists(contentPath + requestedFile + "index.htm"))
sendOkResponse(clientSocket,
File.ReadAllBytes(contentPath + requestedFile + "\\index.htm"), "text/html");
else if (File.Exists(contentPath + requestedFile + "index.html"))
sendOkResponse(clientSocket,
File.ReadAllBytes(contentPath + requestedFile + "\\index.html"), "text/html");
else
notFound(clientSocket);
}
}
不同的状态代码的响应:
private void notImplemented(Socket clientSocket)
{
sendResponse(clientSocket, "
http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html;
charset=utf-8\">
Atasoy Simple Web
Server
Implemented
"501 Not Implemented", "text/html");
}
private void notFound(Socket clientSocket)
{
sendResponse(clientSocket, "
http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html;
charset=utf-8\">
Atasoy Simple Web
Server
Found
"404 Not Found", "text/html");
}
private void sendOkResponse(Socket clientSocket, byte[] bContent, string contentType)
{
sendResponse(clientSocket, bContent, "200 OK", contentType);
}
将响应发送到客户端的方法
// For strings
private void sendResponse(Socket clientSocket, string strContent, string responseCode,
string contentType)
{
byte[] bContent = charEncoder.GetBytes(strContent);
sendResponse(clientSocket, bContent, responseCode, contentType);
}
// For byte arrays
private void sendResponse(Socket clientSocket, byte[] bContent, string responseCode,
string contentType)
{
try
{
byte[] bHeader = charEncoder.GetBytes(
"HTTP/1.1 " + responseCode + "\r\n"
+ "Server: Atasoy Simple Web Server\r\n"
+ "Content-Length: " + bContent.Length.ToString() + "\r\n"
+ "Connection: close\r\n"
+ "Content-Type: " + contentType + "\r\n\r\n");
clientSocket.Send(bHeader);
clientSocket.Send(bContent);
clientSocket.Close();
}
catch { }
}
用法
// to create new one:
Server server = new Server();
// to start it
server.start(ipAddress, port, maxconnections, contentpath);
// to stop it
server.stop();
向全世界说"Hello"
我们简单的Web服务器已准备就绪。现在,我们将从Internet访问它。为了实现这一目标,我们必须将请求从Modem重定向到我们的计算机。如果我们的调制解调器支持UPnP那就很简单。
2. 点击“Search For Devices”按钮。如果您的调制解调器支持UPnP,它会被添加到ComboBox。
3. 点击“Update List”按钮,列出转发端口。
4. 然后点击“Add New”按钮,填写表格。
5. 如果选中“IP”复选框,并输入一个IP地址,只有从这个IP的请求将被重定向。所以,千万不要填写。
6. 内部端口必须等于我们服务器的端口。
7.“
Port”和“ Internal port”可以不相同。
这样,所有来自externalip:port的请求都将通过modem转发到我们的电脑上, 来测试连接的有效性,输入外部IP和端口号 外链网址已屏蔽外部IP:端口号并点击Submit按钮...
(全文完)