Lab_5 路由回顾

静态路由 1

1.递归表查询... 1

2.浮动路由... 2

3.null0接口... 4

RIP 5

1.RIP的定时器+被动接口... 5

2. 单播更新+水平分割+下一跳特性... 13

3版本兼容... 18

4偏移列表+认证... 22

5路由汇总+null0. 24

EIGRP 26

1.metric计算+汇总... 26

2发布默认路由... 31

3.MD5认证... 36

4.DUAL算法... 38

5末节区域... 45

静态路由

1递归表查询

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当有数据包去往3.3.3.3时,查询去往3.3.3.0/24 的路由信息 发现下一条地址为23.1.1.3 不是直连网段,所以会再次查询去往23.1.1.0/24的路由下一条地址 12.1.1.2 ,发现其为直连路由 然后开始转发

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2.浮动路由

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问题

配置静态路由时如果下一条指的是ip则他的管理距离为1,如果下一条指的是接口则他的管理距离是0(直连),那么为什么不能通过这种方式来做浮动路由?

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3.null0接口

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没有使用null 0接口时,ping 1.1.11.1仍然会向外发包

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使用null 0接口后,ping 1.1.11.1不会向外发包,而是直接丢弃

RIP

1、 RIP的定时器+被动接口

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RIP的4个计时器:

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更新计时器

更新计时器 更新计时器用于设置定期路由更新的时间间隔(一般为30s),在这个间隔里路由器发送一个自己路由表的完整拷贝到所有相邻的路由器.在CISCO中的实际更新时间时25.5~30秒之间,即30秒减去一个在4.5秒内的随机值。下面看看实验现象.

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25.5-30秒之间随机更新

周期更新计时器就如上面显示的实验现象一样,不断的更新自己的路由表信息.

无效计时器

用于决定一个时间长度,即路由器在认定一个路由成为无效路由之前所需要等待的时间(180s,实际情况往往略大于180s).如果路由器在更新计时器期间没有得到关于某个指定路由的任何更新消息,它将认为这个路由失效,这时就会进入到无效计时器阶段.当这一情况发生时,这个路由器将会给它所有的邻居发送一个更新消息以通知它们这个路由已经无效.下面看看实验现象.

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将R1 的e0/0设为被动接口,只接收更新,不发送更新

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190S

保持计时器 用于设置路由信息被抑制的时间数量.当上述无效计时器计时完毕后,就会进入到保持计数器阶段.也可理解为,当指示某个路由为不可达的更新数据包被接受到时,路由器将会进入保持失效状态.这个状态将会一直持续到一个带有更好度量的更新数据包被接受到或者这个保持计时器到期.默认时,它的取值是180s.在进入到这个阶段的前60s,会显示一个如下的路由信息possibly down,这时路由器并没有直接删除这条路由信息,但记住,若此时该路由恢复正常通讯,路由表信息也不会更新,在接下来的120s会起到一个保持网络稳定的作用.

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1.0.0.0/8 is possibly down

刷新计时器 用于设置某个路由成为无效路由并将它从路由表中删除的时间间隔(240s).这个计时器是刚开始就启动的,一直到保持计时器进行到60s时,它将路由表刷新.在将它(无效路由)从表中删除前,路由器会通告它的邻居这个路由即将消亡.

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R2#show ip route

R 1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/0

2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

R2#

00:45:52: RIP-DB: network_update with 1.0.0.0/8 succeeds

00:45:52: RIP-DB: adding 1.0.0.0/0 (metric 1) via 12.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 to RIP database

00:45:52: RIP-DB: add 1.0.0.0/8 (metric 1) via 12.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0

00:45:52: RIP-DB: Adding new rndb entry 1.0.0.0/8

00:45:52: RIP-DB: Created rip ndb summary entry for 1.0.0.0/8

00:45:52: RIP-DB: Adding new rndb entry 1.0.0.0/8

R2#show ip route

R 1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:03:01, Ethernet0/0

2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

R2#

00:49:18: RIP-DB: flush route of 1.0.0.0/8 via 12.1.1.1

00:49:18: RIP-DB: Remove 1.0.0.0/8, (metric 4294967295) via 12.1.1.1, Ethernet0/0

00:49:18: RIP-DB: hold down 1.0.0.0/8

R2#

以上失败的实验。。。仅做参考

正解如下

实验环境同上。

在R1上设置被动接口

Mar 10 22:31:44.375: RIP: received v1 update from 12.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0

//最后一次收到路由更新的时间22:31:44.375

Mar 10 22:31:44.379: RIP-DB: network_update with 1.0.0.0/8 succeeds

Mar 10 22:31:44.379: RIP-DB: adding 1.0.0.0/0 (metric 1) via 12.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0 to RIP database

Mar 10 22:31:44.379: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

R2#

Mar 10 22:31:48.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:31:52.599: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

Mar 10 22:31:52.599: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:31:52.599: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:31:52.599: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:31:52.599: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

Mar 10 22:31:58.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:32:08.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#show ip rip database

1.0.0.0/8 auto-summary

1.0.0.0/8

[1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:28, FastEthernet0

2.0.0.0/8 auto-summary

2.2.2.0/24 directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/8 auto-summary

12.1.1.0/24 directly connected, FastEthernet0

Mar 10 22:32:13.943: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on Loopback0 expired

R2#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:31, FastEthernet0

2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 12.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

R2#

Mar 10 22:32:18.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:32:21.235: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

//上次更新时间是22:31:52 之间相隔约29s

Mar 10 22:32:21.235: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:32:21.235: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:32:21.235: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:32:21.235: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

R2#

Mar 10 22:32:28.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:32:38.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:32:48.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:32:49.799: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

//上次更新时间是22:32:21 之间相隔约28s

Mar 10 22:32:49.799: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:32:49.799: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:32:49.799: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:32:49.799: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

R2#

Mar 10 22:32:58.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:33:08.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:33:16.911: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

//上次更新时间是22:32:49.799 之间相隔约27s

Mar 10 22:33:16.911: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:33:16.911: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:33:16.911: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:33:16.911: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

Mar 10 22:33:18.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:33:28.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:33:45.135: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

//上次更新时间是22:33:16.91之间相隔约29s

Mar 10 22:33:45.135: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:33:45.135: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:33:45.135: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:33:45.135: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

R2#sho ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:02:06, FastEthernet0

2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 12.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

R2#

Mar 10 22:33:48.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:33:58.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:34:11.383: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

Mar 10 22:34:11.383: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:34:11.383: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:34:11.383: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:34:11.383: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

Mar 10 22:34:18.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:34:28.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:34:38.151: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

Mar 10 22:34:38.151: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:34:38.151: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:34:38.151: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:34:38.151: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

Mar 10 22:34:38.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:34:48.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:34:48.839: RIP-DB: invalidated route of 1.0.0.0/8 via 12.1.1.1

Mar 10 22:34:48.839: RIP-DB: Remove 1.0.0.0/8, (metric 4294967295) via 12.1.1.1, FastEthernet0

//路由1.0.0.0/8失效 距离最后一次收到更新(22:31:44.375)约176s

Mar 10 22:34:50.839: RIP: sending v1 flash update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

//当路由表发送变化时立即发送flash update,与上次发送跟新时间(22:34:38.151)只相差12s

Mar 10 22:34:50.839: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:34:50.839: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:34:50.839: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

R2#sho ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 1.0.0.0/8 is possibly down, routing via 12.1.1.1, FastEthernet0

2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 12.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

//进入保持时间

Mar 10 22:34:58.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#show ip rip database

1.0.0.0/8 is possibly down

1.0.0.0/8 is possibly down

2.0.0.0/8 auto-summary

2.2.2.0/24 directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/8 auto-summary

12.1.1.0/24 directly connected, FastEthernet0

R2#

Mar 10 22:35:06.019: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

Mar 10 22:35:06.019: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:35:06.019: RIP: Update contains 2 routes

Mar 10 22:35:06.019: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:35:06.019: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

R2#

Mar 10 22:35:08.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:35:18.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:35:28.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:35:31.691: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

Mar 10 22:35:31.691: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:35:31.691: RIP: Update contains 2 routes

Mar 10 22:35:31.691: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:35:31.691: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

Mar 10 22:35:38.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#

Mar 10 22:35:48.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:35:48.839: RIP-DB: garbage collect 1.0.0.0/8

Mar 10 22:35:48.839: RIP-DB: garbage collect 1.0.0.0/8

//垃圾收集=刷新计时器,距离进入失效时间22:34:48.839正好60s

R2#show ip rip database

2.0.0.0/8 auto-summary

2.2.2.0/24 directly connected, Loopback0

12.0.0.0/8 auto-summary

12.1.1.0/24 directly connected, FastEthernet0

//路由信息从rip数据库中删除

Mar 10 22:35:58.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

Mar 10 22:35:59.387: RIP-TIMER: sending timer on FastEthernet0 expired

Mar 10 22:35:59.387: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0 (12.1.1.2)

Mar 10 22:35:59.387: RIP: Update contains 1 routes

Mar 10 22:35:59.387: RIP: Update queued

Mar 10 22:35:59.387: RIP: Update sent via FastEthernet0

Mar 10 22:36:08.839: RIP-TIMER: age timer expired

R2#un all

All possible debugging has been turned off

R2#

问题/总结:

1:flash更新?

2:age timer expired,10s更新

3:holddown后120s的作用?

当获知无法到达某个网络时,在holddown时间内,路由器将忽略有关该网络的任何新信息。也就是说,对于此期间内接收到的任何关于该网络的更新,路由器都不予理睬,直到holddown计时器到期。处于保持状态的路由是工作着的,而且向所有活动接口发出更新,不受水平分割限制。

When hold-down timers are used, a poisoned route will remain in the routing
table until the timer expires. However, if a router with a poisoned route receives a
routing update from a neighboring router with a metric that is the same or better
than the original route, the router will abort the hold-down period, remove the
poisoned route, and put the new route in its table. However, if a router receives
a worse route from a neighboring router, the router treats this as a suspect route
and assumes that this route is probably part of a routing loop, ignoring the update.
Of course, the worse-metric route really might be a valid alternative path to the
network; however, the function of hold-down timers and poisoning routes prohibits
the use of this route until the hold period expires. While in a hold-down state, a
poisoned route in the routing table will appear as possibly down.
One of the problems of using hold-down timers is that they cause the distance
vector routing protocol to converge slowly—if the hold-down period is 180 seconds,
you can’t use a valid alternative path with a worse metric until the hold-down period
expires. Therefore, your users will lose their connections to this network for at least
three minutes.

2. 单播更新+水平分割+下一跳特性

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实验步骤

step1:在R1,R2,R3开启RIP并将全部接口设置成被动接口

step2:在R1指定R2 为邻居 ,R2指定R1、R2为邻居,R3指定R2为邻居

Step3:每台路由器路由表,发现R1收不到到R3的路由、R3收不到R1的路由

Step4:开启水平分割,查看各路由表

Setp5:升级为ripv2查看路由信息

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路由表

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因为有水平分割的关系R1和R3无法学习到彼此的路由信息

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R2能收到 R1和R3以单波发送过来的路由信息,并向R1和R3发送2.0.0.0的路由更新

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R3收到的路由条目中只有2.0.0.0的更新

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R3收到的路由条目中只有2.0.0.0的更新

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在R2的F0口上关闭水平分割

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所有路由器均获得完整的路由信息

但是我们发现R1去往3.0.0.0网段的下一条指向的是R2,实际上在本网络中可以直接到达。

R3也类似

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将路由协议升级为RIPv2

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对比v1和v2发送和接受的路由更新信息可以看出RIPv2在发送路由更新时携带下一条地址

3版本兼容

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基本配置

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RIP版本1、版本2、默认互操作

R1使用RIP v1,R2使用RIP 默认配置 ,R3使用RIP v2

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R2学到了R3的路由后,发送给R1,所以R1也学到了R3的路由。

要让R1R2R3互通则要在在R3 S0/0上指定接受版本1

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测试

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4.、偏移列表+认证

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使用偏移列表让1.1.1.0网段开销值增加2

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R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 1.0.0.0 0.255.255.255

R1(config)#router rip

R1(config-router)#offset-list 1 out 2 e0/0

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认证 :明文 MD5

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必须两边都开启认证否则无法收到R2的路由更新

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明文验证

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MD5验证

5,路由汇总+null0

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R1 汇总前

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R2 汇总前

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R2汇总后的路由表

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此时问题出现

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若R1有一条静态缺省路由,则会因为汇总的不精确造成路由环路

解决方法 1.精确汇总 2.null0接口

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EIGRP

1. metric计算+汇总

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以R1去往3.3.3.0的路由为例计算开销

开销=(带宽+延迟)×256

带宽:10^7/沿更新入向接口带宽的最小值

延迟:沿更新入向接口延迟的总和/10

EIGRP 取以 kbps 为单位的带宽值并用参考带宽值 10,000,000 除以该带宽值

10000000/10000=1000

沿途更新入向接口为R1-e0/0;R2-s0/0;R3-lo 0

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最小带宽为R2-s0/0

度量值为 =(10^7/1544+1000/10+20000/10+5000/10)×256

=(6476+2600)×256

=2323456

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汇总

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EIGRP会自动生成一个指向null0的路由

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汇总EIGRP的管理距离为5

自动汇总汇总的是自己直连的网络,如果在R2上开启自动汇总,则R3上将只收到12.1.1.0

的汇总信息

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开启自动汇总前

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开启自动汇总后

2.发布默认路由

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基本配置

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在R3上建立lo 0 200.200.200.200 255.255.255.0 发布默认路由

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查看路由表

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发布默认路由时,只能宣告主类网络号

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如果要让R1,R2学到默认路由有两种方法

一是修改lo 0 掩码

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2在R3上作路由汇总

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如果在R1上也发布一个默认路由

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则R2上有两条默认路由,此时需要选择一条

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另外一种发布默认路由的方法

在R1的f0/1 上做汇总 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

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此时R2将不接收来自R1的其他路由,只保留0.0.0.0 这条路由

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但此时0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 指向的是null0 如果要出外网则要做一条静态的缺省路由

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3.MD5认证

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基本配置

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创建密钥并在R2上启用MD5认证

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在R1上启用认证

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4.DUAL算法

1、EIGRP使用DUAL算法,规则为:存在FS(次优路由AD<继承路由FD),当Sucssor判断为down后,调用FS;当没有FS时,该路由进入active状态,并向所有邻居发出query。active状态一直等到所有邻居reply后,要么选择新的sucssor,要么flush掉。

2、当邻居接到query后,查询自身拓扑表。有4种情况:1、拓扑表中没有该路由的,直接reply unreachable;2、发送端不是sucssor,reply sucssor;3、发送端为sucssor,拓扑表中有FS的,去掉旧的sucssor并把FS转为sucssor,reply FS;4、没有FS的,向其所有非原query的端口发送query,直到所有query被reply,该邻居生成了sucssor或flush掉该route后,再进行reply。

3、在3min(该值可改,在(config-router)#里使用 timer active-time *),只要有一个下游的邻居没有reply,该路由转为SIA (stuck in active)状态。并重置与该邻居的毗邻状态。(奇怪的是期间的hello包不工作了吗?)

4、上述得知避免进入SIA状态的方法,一是修改timer active-time,用于治标;一是减少查询的下游邻居,用于治本。由于毗邻关系不可改变,可变的就是query的去向了。stub正是处于此目的。配置了stub的router,其邻居认为其以及其下游的网络是不可能找到Suc的,因此不会向该邻居发送query。这样子等待reply的对象就少了该router以及往下的网络了。

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为了更好的看到实验效果所以这里K值进行了修改

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收敛后路由表

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TOP

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到达R3,R4,R5 到12.1.1.0/24拓扑表

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R3

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R4

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R5

当R2—R3链路down掉后R3向R4、R5发送query并将该路由至于active状态,R4收到query包查询自己的路由表,发现有sucssor于是 reply sucssor给R3,R5收到query包后查询自己的路由表发现没有FS,然后向R4发送query,收到R4额reply后生成sucssor,将其reply给R3

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34.1.1.0线路上抓包

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45.1.1.0线路上抓包

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35.1.1.0线路上抓包

Debug

04:21:15: IP-EIGRP: Processing incoming QUERY packet

04:21:15: IP-EIGRP: 1.1.1.0/24 - do advertise out FastEthernet0/1

04:21:15: IP-EIGRP: 12.1.1.0/24 - do advertise out FastEthernet0/1

04:21:15: IP-EIGRP: Processing incoming REPLY packet

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R5

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R4

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R3

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5.末节区域

  EIGRP stub routing的优点,增加网络的稳定性,有效减少因为带宽低产生的链路拥塞所带来的影响.还有就是简化了hub and spoke结构的网络的配置和维持。EIGRP末节路由器只能在远程路由器上配置,末节路由选择特征不能防止路由被通告给远程路由器,也就是说末节路由器向其邻接路由器发送特殊的对等体信息分组,指出自己是一台末节路由器,邻居收到指示末节状态的分组后,将不会向末节路由器查询任何路由。
receive-only--------禁止路由器同EIGRP自主系统内的任何路由器共享其路由。指定该关键字后不能再指定其他关键字。因为它禁止发送任何类型路由。
connected----------允许EIGRP末节路由选择特征发送直连路由。如果直连路由没有被包含在命令network中,则可能需要在EIGRP进程下使用redistribute connected来重分发直连路由。默认情况下,该选项被启用。
static----------------允许EIGRP末节路由选择特性发送静态路由,同样需要使用命令redistribute static来重分发静态路由。
summary-----------允许EIGRP末节路由选择特征发送汇总路由。可使用命令IP SUMMARY-ADDRESS EIGRP手工创建汇总路由,也可通过启用命令auto-summary在主类网络边界自动汇总路由。默认情况下,该选项被启用。

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在默认情况下值为connected,和summary

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收敛后路由表

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分别在R2上设置不同的STUB参数 在R3上查看效果

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Connected

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Summary

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Static

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PS:Windows Live Writer真是麻烦。。每次把word上的报告copy过来的时间,图片总是经过缩放的。。还有要手动一个个给改过来。。

手都点累了。。。有人能告诉我有什么解决办法吗?