go 基础之基本语法-CSDN博客

2019独角兽企业重金招聘Python工程师标准>>>

基本语法

array数组

// 第一种
var x [10]int
x[1]=1
x[9]=10
fmt.Printf("%v",x)
// 第二种
x:=[10]int{1,10}
fmt.Printf("%v\n",x)
fmt.Printf("%v",len(x))

slice动态数组

申明

var x []int

使用:=申明

s:=make([]int,3,5)
fmt.Printf("%v", len(s))

3为数组长度，5为建议容量实际使用中如果超过这个值底层会自动扩展的

s :=make([]int,3,5)
s = append(s,1,2,3,4)
fmt.Printf("%v", s)

[0 0 0 1 2 3 4]

通过一个数组或已经存在的slice中再次声明

  x :=[10]int{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
	y :=x[1:3]
	fmt.Printf("%v",y)

[2 3]

map

map必须要make

申明
1.

var student map[string]int
student = make(map[string]int)
student["zhangsan"]=1
fmt.Printf("%v", student)

map[zhangsan:1]

student := make(map[string]int)
student["zhangsan"]=1
fmt.Printf("%v", student)

map[zhangsan:1]

range

用于便捷地遍历容器中的元素

key和value都遍历

student := make(map[string]int)
student["zhangsan"]=1
student["lisi"]=2
student["wangwu"]=3
for i,v := range student{
  fmt.Println(i,v)
}

zhangsan 1
lisi 2
wangwu 3

只遍历value

x := [3]int{1,2,3}
for _,v := range x {
  fmt.Println(v)
}

1
2
3

遍历字符串

x := "zhangsan"
for _,v := range x{
  fmt.Printf("%c\n", v)
}

z
h
a
n
g
s
a
n

函数

简单函数

func main()  {
  a :=1
  b :=2
  a,b = swap(a,b)
  fmt.Printf("%d %d", a,b)
}

func swap(a int, b int) (int,int) {
  return b,a
}

2 1

func getSum(a []int)  (int){
  sum := 0
  for _,v := range a {
    sum+=v
  }
  return sum
}

func main()  {
  a := []int{1,2,3}
  s := getSum(a)
  fmt.Println(s)
}

匿名函数

func main()  {
  f := func (x,y int) int  {
    return x+y
  }

  fmt.Println(f(1,2))
}

defer

func main()  {
  for i :=1 ; i<5; i++ {
    defer fmt.Println(i)
  }
  fmt.Println("before defer")
}

before defer
4
3
2
1

defer 后面跟着语句块是函数执行结束之前再执行,一般可以用在资源的关闭上。例如:

file.Open("file")
defer file.Close()

defer和匿名函数一起用

func main()  {
  defer func ()  {
    fmt.Println("after defer")
  }()
  fmt.Println("before defer")
}

before defer
after defer

'()'匿名函数后面的（）表示执行这个函数的意思等价于下面

func main()  {
  f := func ()  {
    fmt.Println("after defer")
  }
  defer f()
  fmt.Println("before defer")
}

对象

struct

type Person struct{
  name string
  age int
}
type Student struct{
  Person
  speciality string
}
func main()  {
  student := Student{Person{"zhangsan",18},"math"}
  // student := Student{speciality:"math",Person:Person{"zhangsan",18}}
  fmt.Printf("%v\n", student)
  fmt.Printf("%v\n", student.speciality)
  fmt.Printf("%v\n", student.age)
  fmt.Printf("%v", student.Person.name)
}

{{zhangsan 18} math}
math
18
zhangsan

类的初始化

//  指针变量
point := new(Point)
point := &Point{}
point := &Point{x:100,y:100}

// 实例
point := Point{}

类的方法

type Point struct{
  px float32
  py float32
}

func (point *Point) setXY(px,py float32)  {
  point.px = px
  point.py = py
}

func (point *Point) getXY() (float32,float32)  {
  return point.px,point.py
}

func main()  {
  point := new(Point)
  point.setXY(1.2,3.4)
  px,py := point.getXY()
  fmt.Print(px,py)
}

1.2 3.4

接口

在go语言中,一个类只需要实现了接口要求的所有函数，我们就说这个类实现了该接口。

把实例赋值给接口

type Animal interface{
  Fly()
  Run()
}

type Bird struct{
}

func (bird Bird) Fly()  {
  fmt.Println("Bird is flying!!!")
}

func (bird Bird) Run()  {
  fmt.Println("Bird is running!!!")
}

func main()  {
  var animal Animal
  bird := new(Bird)
  animal = bird
  animal.Fly()
  animal.Run()
}

Bird is flying!!!
Bird is running!!!

把接口赋值给接口只能把多的赋值给少的

type Animal interface{
  Fly()
  Run()
}
type Animal2 interface{
  Fly()
}

type Bird struct{
}

func (bird Bird) Fly()  {
  fmt.Println("Bird is flying!!!")
}

func (bird Bird) Run()  {
  fmt.Println("Bird is running!!!")
}

func main()  {
  var animal Animal
  var animal2 Animal2
  bird := new(Bird)
  animal = bird
  animal2 = animal      //划重点
  animal2.Fly()
}

类型查询

func main()  {
  var v1 interface{}
  v1 = 6.78
  if v,ok :=v1.(float64); ok {
    fmt.Println(v)
  }

  var v2 interface{}
  v2 = 12
  if v,ok := v2.(float32); ok{
    fmt.Println(v)
  }else {
    fmt.Println("no float32")
  }
}

6.78
no float32

func main()  {
  var v1 interface{}
  v1 = 6.78
  switch v1.(type) {
  case int:
    fmt.Println("this is int")
  case float32:
    fmt.Println("this is float32")
  case float64:
    fmt.Println("this is float64")
  }
}