Crontab笔记

Crontab笔记

 

crontab是*nix下的一个定时工具, cron enables user to schedule jobs.cron is driven by a crontab file.

# Use the hash sign to prefix a comment
# +---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# |  +------------- hour (0 - 23)
# |  |  +---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# |  |  |  +------- month (1 - 12)
# |  |  |  |  +---- day of week (0 - 7) (Sunday=0 or 7)
# |  |  |  |  |
# *  *  *  *  *  command to be executed

用法：

1) 格式：

Field name	Mandatory?	Allowed values	Allowed special characters
Minutes	Yes	0-59	* / , -
Hours	Yes	0-23	* / , -
Day of month	Yes	1-31	* / , - ? L W
Month	Yes	1-12 or JAN-DEC	* / , -
Day of week	Yes	0-6 or SUN-SAT	* / , - ? L #
Year	No	1970–2099	* / , -

2) special character:

Asterisk ( * ): 代表会匹配所有值

The asterisk indicates that the cron expression will match for all values of the field; e.g., using an asterisk in the 4th field (month) would indicate every month.

Slash ( / ) : Linux(开源系统似乎都可以)下还有个 "/" 可以用. 在 Minute 字段上，*/15 表示每 15 分钟执行一次. 而这个特性在商业 Unix ，比如 AIX 上就没有.

Slashes are used to describe increments of ranges. For example 3-59/15 in the 1st field (minutes) would indicate the 3rd minute of the hour and every 15 minutes thereafter. The form "*/..." is equivalent to the form "0-59/...".

Comma ( , ) : 用于列表中分割原子，每个原子都匹配

Commas are used to separate items of a list. For example, using "MON,WED,FRI" in the 6th field (day of week) would mean Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.

Hyphen ( - ) : 表示一个范围

Hyphens are used to define ranges. For example, 2000-2010 would indicate every year between 2000 and 2010 CE inclusive.

Question mark ( ? ) :

The '?' character is used to omit the specification of a value for the day-of-month and day-of-week fields. Since it's not valid to specify values for both fields, '?' becomes necessary to omit one of either ('*' is considered a specific value).   NOTE: Question mark is a non-standard character; it may not be allowed in some versions (e.g., the Cron daemon installed with Ubuntu).

L

'L' stands for "last". When used in the day-of-week field, it allows you to specify constructs such as "the last Friday" of a given month. In the day-of-month field, it specifies the last day of the month.

W

The 'W' character is allowed for the day-of-month field. This character is used to specify the weekday (Monday-Friday) nearest the given day. As an example, if you were to specify "15W" as the value for the day-of-month field, the meaning is: "the nearest weekday to the 15th of the month". So if the 15th is a Saturday, the trigger will fire on Friday the 14th. If the 15th is a Sunday, the trigger will fire on Monday the 16th. If the 15th is a Tuesday, then it will fire on Tuesday the 15th. However if you specify "1W" as the value for day-of-month, and the 1st is a Saturday, the trigger will fire on Monday the 3rd, as it will not 'jump' over the boundary of a month's days. The 'W' character can only be specified when the day-of-month is a single day, not a range or list of days.

Hash ( # )

'#' is allowed for the day-of-week field, and must be followed by a number between one and five. It allows you to specify constructs such as "the second Friday" of a given month.

 

3) 参数：

usage: crontab [-u user] file
        crontab [-u user] [ -e | -l | -r ]
                (default operation is replace, per 1003.2)
        -e (edit user's crontab)
        -l (list user's crontab)
        -r (delete user's crontab)
        -i (prompt before deleting user's crontab)
        -s (selinux context)

(1). 创建：在cron file中写入规则

(2). 使用：crontab filename

(3). 删除：crontab -r

注：

●cron file 只会有一个有效，可以在一个文件中写入多个命令

●注意检查一下crontab是否启动，/etc/init.d/crond start

4) example:

#每天早上6点10分
10 6 * * * date

#每两个小时
0 */2 * * * date

#晚上11点到早上8点之间每两个小时，早上8点
0 23-7/2，8 * * * date

#每个月的4号和每个礼拜的礼拜一到礼拜三的早上11点
0 11 4 * mon-wed date

#1月份日早上4点
0 4 1 jan * date

 

#每天早上7点执行一次 /bin/ls :
0 7 * * * /bin/ls

#在 12 月内, 每天的早上 6 点到 12 点中，每隔3个小时执行一次 /usr/bin/backup :
0 6-12/3 * 12 * /usr/bin/backup

#周一到周五每天下午 5:00 寄一封信给 alex@domain.name :
0 17 * * 1-5 mail -s "hi" alex@domain.name < /tmp/maildata

#每月每天的午夜 0 点 20 分, 2 点 20 分, 4 点 20 分....执行 echo "haha"
20 0-23/2 * * * echo "haha"

5) 参见陷阱：

每个SA、DBA 或者是普通的 Unix 用户，在第一次使用 Crontab 的时候都会遇到问题. 运行 Crontab 的常见错误包括如下几种:
(1) 出于测试目的新创建了一条 Cron JOB, 时间间隔必须超过两分钟，否则 JOB 将调度不到。如果必须忽略这两分钟的载入配置时间差，可以通过重新启动 Cron Daemon 做到。
(2) 从 Crontab 中启动 X Window 程序需要注意的事项：所以要么在程序前初始化 "DISPLAY=:0.0", 要么在应用程序后面追加参数 --display :0.0
(3) 命令中的 % 必须做转义处理: \% .我个人的意见是不要在命令行里带这个参数，干脆写到脚本里，然后调度该脚本即可。
其实我倒是认为使用 Crontab 最常见的一个问题往往是因为环境变量不对。经常会看到论坛里有人问：为什么我的 Crontab 创建了不执行? 准备创建一条 Cron JOB 的时候，很多人都喜欢在命令行下运行一遍，因为这个时候环境变量是随着 Shell 自动带进来，在 Crontab 中则可能因为找不到正确的环境变量，JOB 就不能执行。这个小问题就像出天花，一次教训之后就都记得了。

 

6) 技巧：

●每条 JOB 执行完毕之后，系统会自动将输出发送邮件给当前系统用户。日积月累，非常的多，甚至会撑爆整个系统。所以每条 JOB 命令后面进行重定向处理是非常必要的： >/dev/null 2>&1 。前提是对 Job 中的命令需要正常输出已经作了一定的处理, 比如追加到某个特定日志文件。

●如果不小心删掉了cron file,那么可以拷贝/var/spool/cron/<username>文件，其中<username >是用户名。

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转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/eagleon/archive/2011/11/19/2255053.html