Linux基础练习

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最新推荐文章于 2022-12-09 22:17:51 发布

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文章标签： shell 操作系统 java

原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/dreamlinuxc/1832987

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显示当前时间，格式： 2016-06-18 10:20:30

[root@CentOS7 ~]# date +"%F %H:%M:%S"

2016-07-31 23:15:12

显示前天是星期几

[root@CentOS7 ~]# date -d '-2 day' +%w

设置当前日期为2019-08-07 06:05:10

[root@CentOS7 ~]# date 080808082008

Fri Aug 8 08:08:00CST 2008

字符终端登录时，显示当前登录终端，主机名和当前时间

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/issue

CentOS release 6.8 (Final)

Kernel \r on an \m

The tty is: \l

The hostname is: \n

The time is: \t

今天17：30自动关机

[root@localhost ~]# shutdown –h 17:30

显示/var目录下所有以l开头，以一个小写字母结尾，且中间出现至少一位数字的文件或目录

[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /var/l*[0-9]*[[:lower:]]

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 15:07 /var/l34j

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 15:07 /var/l55h

显示/etc目录下以任意一位数字开头，且以非数字结尾的文件或目录

[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/[[:digit:]]*[^[:digit:]]

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 15:23 /etc/13f

显示/etc/目录下以非字母开头，后面跟了一个字母及其它任意长度任意字符的文件或目录

[root@localhost etc]# ll /etc/[^[:alpha:]][[:alpha:]]*

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 15:27 /etc/1fg1

显示/etc目录下所有以m开头以非数字结尾的文件或目录

[root@localhost etc]# ll -d /etc/m*[^[:digit:]]

-r--r--r--. 1 root root 33 Jul 21 11:27 /etc/machine-id

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 111 Nov 20 2015 /etc/magic

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1968 Dec 17 2014 /etc/mail.rc

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5122 Nov 21 2015 /etc/makedumpfile.conf.sample

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5171 Jun 10 2014 /etc/man_db.conf

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 21 2015 /etc/maven

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 936 Mar 6 2015 /etc/mke2fs.conf

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 22 Jul 21 11:27 /etc/modprobe.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 20 2015 /etc/modules-load.d

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 7 2013 /etc/motd

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Jul 21 11:23 /etc/mtab -> /proc/self/mounts

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2620 Jun 10 2014 /etc/mtools.conf

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 20 2015 /etc/multipath

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 570 Nov 21 2015 /etc/my.cnf

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 30 Jul 21 11:25 /etc/my.cnf.d

显示/etc目录下，所有以.d结尾的文件或目录

[root@localhost etc]# ll -d /etc/*.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 21 11:35 /etc/bash_completion.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 20 2015 /etc/binfmt.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 20 2015 /etc/chkconfig.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Jul 21 11:32 /etc/cron.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 22 Jul 21 11:27 /etc/depmod.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 6 2015 /etc/dnsmasq.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 30 Jul 28 20:22 /etc/dracut.conf.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 20 2015 /etc/exports.d

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Sep 11 2015 /etc/gdbinit.d

drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Jul 21 11:41 /etc/grub.d

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 Jul 21 11:24 /etc/init.d -> rc.d/init.d

drwx------. 5 root root 4096 Jul 21 11:28 /etc/ipsec.d

… …

显示/etc目录下，所有.conf结尾，且以m,n,r,p开头的文件或目录

[root@localhost etc]# ll /etc/[mnrp]*.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5171 Jun 10 2014 /etc/man_db.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 936 Mar 6 2015 /etc/mke2fs.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2620 Jun 10 2014 /etc/mtools.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3390 Nov 20 2015 /etc/nfsmount.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1717 Jul 30 21:07 /etc/nsswitch.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 91 Dec 3 2012 /etc/numad.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1362 Jun 10 2014 /etc/pbm2ppa.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6300 Jun 10 2014 /etc/pnm2ppa.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 433 Sep 9 2015 /etc/radvd.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1787 Jun 10 2014 /etc/request-key.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 138 Jul 31 21:14 /etc/resolv.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 458 Nov 21 2015 /etc/rsyncd.conf

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3232 Sep 8 2015 /etc/rsyslog.conf

定义别名命令baketc，每天将/etc/目录下所有文件，备份到/testdir独立的子目录下，并要求子目录格式为 backupYYYY-mm-dd ，备份过程可见

[root@localhost ~]# alias baketc="cp -rpv /etc/ /testdir/backup`date +%F`"

[root@localhost ~]# alias baketc

alias baketc='cp -rpv /etc/ /testdir/backup2016-07-28

[root@localhost ~]# baketc

`/etc/' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc'

`/etc/dracut.conf' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc/dracut.conf'

`/etc/rc.sysinit' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc/rc.sysinit'

`/etc/ld.so.cache' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc/ld.so.cache'

`/etc/dbus-1' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc/dbus-1'

`/etc/dbus-1/system.d' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc/dbus-1/system.d'

`/etc/dbus-1/system.d/Upstart.conf' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc/dbus-1/system.d/Upstart.

conf'

`/etc/hosts' -> `/testdir/backup2016-09-02/etc/hosts'

......

[root@localhost ~]# ll -d /testdir/backup*

drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 8192 Jul 30 09:10 /testdir/backup2016-07-28

创建/testdir/rootdir目录并复制/root所有下文件到该目录内，要求保留原有权限

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /testdir/rootdir

[root@localhost ~]# ls -ld /root/

dr-xr-x---. 15 root root 4096 Jul 31 22:40 /root/

[root@localhost ~]# cp -prv /root/ /testdir/rootdir

… …

[root@localhost ~]# ls -ld /testdir/rootdir/

dr-xr-x---. 15 root root 4096 Jul 31 22:40 /testdir/rootdir/

如何创建/testdir/dir1/x, /testdir/dir1/y，/testdir/dir1/x/a, /testdir/dir1/x/b,/testdir/dir1/y/a, /testdir/dir1/y/b

[root@localhost testdir]# mkdir -pv /testdir/dir1/{x,y}/{a,b}

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir1’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir1/x’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir1/x/a’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir1/x/b’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir1/y’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir1/y/a’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir1/y/b’

[root@localhost testdir]# tree /testdir/dir1/

/testdir/dir1/

├── x

│ ├── a

│ └── b

└── y

├── a

└── b

6 directories, 0 files

如何创建/testdir/dir2/x, /testdir/dir2/y，/testdir/dir2/x/a, /testdir/dir2/x/b

[root@localhost testdir]# mkdir -pv /testdir/dir2/{y,x/{a,b}}

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir2’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir2/y’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir2/x’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir2/x/a’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir2/x/b’

[root@localhost testdir]# tree /testdir/dir2

/testdir/dir2

├── x

│ ├── a

│ └── b

└── y

4 directories, 0 files

如何创建/testdir/dir3, /testdir/dir4, /testdir/dir5，/testdir/dir5/dir6, /testdir/dir5/dir7

[root@localhost testdir]# mkdir -pv /testdir/dir{3,4,5/dir{6,7}}

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir3’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir4’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir5’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir5/dir6’

mkdir: created directory ‘/testdir/dir5/dir7’

[root@localhost testdir]# tree /testdir/

/testdir/dir3

/testdir/dir4

/testdir/dir5

├── dir6

└── dir7

2 directories, 0 files

将/etc/issue文件中的内容转换为大写后保存至/tmp/issue.out文件中

[root@CentOS7 ~]# tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < /etc/issue >/tmp/issue.out

[root@CentOS7 ~]# cat /etc/issue tmp/issue.out

CentOS release 7.2 (Final)

Kernel \r on an \m

This system is: \s

The time is: \t

The hostname is: \n

The tty is: \l

CENTOS RELEASE 7.2 (FINAL)

KERNEL \R ON AN \M

THIS SYSTEM IS: \S

THE TIME IS: \T

THE HOSTNAME IS: \N

THE TTY IS: \L

将当前系统登录用户的信息转换为大写后保存至/tmp/who.out文件中

[root@CentOS7 ~]# w | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' > /tmp/who.out

[root@CentOS7 ~]# cat /tmp/who.out

12:51:51 UP 20:18, 9 USERS, LOAD AVERAGE: 0.00, 0.03, 0.05

USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT

ROOT :0 :0 WED21 ?XDM? 11:45 0.27S GDM-SESSION-WORKER [PAM/GDM-AUTOLOGIN]

ROOT PTS/0 :0 WED21 18:21M 1.63S 0.36S -BASH

ROOT PTS/1 :0 THU11 16:38M 0.17S 0.00S SYSTEMCTL --HELP

ROOT TTY2 THU20 16:36M 12.49S 0.00S XINIT /ETC/X11/XINIT/XINITRC -- /USR/BIN/X :2 VT2 -KEEPTTY -AUTH /ROOT/.SERVERAUTH.52239

ROOT PTS/2 :2 THU20 16:26M 0.10S 0.10S BASH

ROOT PTS/3 :2 THU20 16:26M 0.02S 0.02S BASH

ROOT PTS/4 :2 THU20 9:11 0.10S 0.10S BASH

ROOT PTS/6 10.1.250.75 08:29 7.00S 0.09S 0.00S W

ROOT PTS/7 10.1.250.75 08:29 4:21M 0.04S 0.02S -BASH

一个linux用户给root发邮件，要求邮件标题为”help”，邮件正文如下：

Hello, I am 用户名,the system version is here,please help me to

check it ,thanks!

操作系统版本信息

[root@CentOS7 ~]# mail -s "help" root <<end

> Hello, I am `whoami`, the system version is here, please help me to check it, thanks!

> `cat /etc/centos-release`

> end

[root@localhost ~]# mail

Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.

"/var/spool/mail/root": 11 messages 1 new 2 unread

>N 11 root Sat Jul 30 16:47 19/714 "help"

& 11

Message 11:

From root@localhost.localdomain Sat Jul 30 16:47:45 2016

Return-Path: <root@localhost.localdomain>

X-Original-To: root

Delivered-To: root@localhost.localdomain

Date: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 16:47:45 +0800

To: root@localhost.localdomain

Subject: help

User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10

Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii

From: root@localhost.localdomain (root)

Status: R

Hello, I am root, the system version is here, please help me to check it, thanks!

CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)

将/root/下文件列表，显示成一行，并文件名之间用空格隔开

[root@localhost ~]# ls /root/ | tr '\n' ' '

1 121 21 all.txt anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop Documents Downloads f1 file1 filetype h.1 -h.bak initial-setup-ks.cfg issue Music Pictures Public Templates test test2 test.f tr Videos VMwareTools-10.0.0-2977863.tar.gz vmware-tools-distrib who.out

file1文件的内容为： ”1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10” 计算出所有数字的总和

[root@localhost ~]# cat file1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[root@localhost ~]# cat file1 | tr ' ' '+'

1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10

[root@localhost ~]# cat file1 | tr ' ' '+' | bc

删除Windows文本文件中的‘^M’字符

[root@localhost ~]# cat -v /root/Desktop/1.txt | tr -d '^M' > /root/Desktop/1

[root@localhost ~]# cat -v /root/Desktop/1.txt

1^M

2^M

3^M

4^M

5[root@localhost ~]# cat -v /root/Desktop/1

处理字符串“ xt.,l 1 jr#!$mn 2 c*/fe 3 uz 4”，只保留其中的数字和空格

[root@localhost ~]# tr -dc '[:digit:][:space:]'

xt.,l 1 jr#!$mn2 c*/fe3 uz4

1 2 3 4

将PATH变量每个目录显示在独立的一行

[root@localhost boot]# echo $PATH

/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/root/bin

[root@localhost boot]# echo $PATH | tr ':' '\n'

/usr/local/bin

/usr/local/sbin

/usr/bin

/usr/sbin

/bin

/sbin

/root/bin

删除指定文件的空行

[root@CentOS7 ~]# cat test

Hello world!

China!

good!

[root@CentOS7 ~]# tr -s '\n' < test

Hello world!

China!

good!

将指定文件中0-9分别替代成a-j

将文件中每个单词（字母）显示在独立的一行，并无空行

[root@localhost testdir]# cat test

Hello world!

China!

good!

world line user root # $

[root@localhost ~]# cat test | tr ' ' '\n' | tr -s '\n'

Hello

World!

China!

good!

world

line

user

root

创建用户gentoo，附加组为bin和root，默认shell为/bin/csh，注释信息为"Gentoo Distribution"

[root@CentOS7 ~]# useradd gentoo -G bin,root -s /bin/csh -c "Gentoo Distribution"

[root@CentOS7 ~]# getent passwd Gentoo

gentoo:x:1001:1001:Gentoo Distribution:/home/gentoo:/bin/csh

[root@CentOS7 ~]# id gentoo

uid=1001(gentoo) gid=1001(gentoo) groups=1001(gentoo),0(root),1(bin)

创建下面的用户、组和组成员关系名字为admins 的组，用户natasha，使用admins 作为附属组，用户harry，也使用admins 作为附属组，用户sarah，不可交互登录系统，且不是admins 的成员，natasha， harry， sarah密码都是centos

[root@CentOS7 ~]# groupadd admins

[root@CentOS7 ~]# getent group admins

admins:x:1002:harry

[root@CentOS7 ~]# useradd -G admins Natasha

[root@CentOS7 ~]# id natasha

uid=1004(natasha) gid=1005(natasha) groups=1005(natasha),1002(admins)

[root@CentOS7 ~]# useradd -G admins harry

[root@CentOS7 ~]# id harry

uid=1002(harry) gid=1003(harry) groups=1003(harry),1002(admins)

[root@CentOS7 ~]# useradd -s /bin/nologin sarah

[root@CentOS7 ~]# getent passwd sarah

sarah:x:1003:1004::/home/sarah:/bin/nologin

[root@CentOS7 ~]# echo centos | passwd --stdin natasha

Changing password for user natasha.

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

[root@CentOS7 ~]# echo centos | passwd --stdin harry

Changing password for user harry.

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

[root@CentOS7 ~]# echo centos | passwd --stdin sarah

Changing password for user sarah.

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

设置完用户的密码后进入到字符界面测试一下，natasha和harry均能正常登录，sarah的登录shell设置为nologin，所以当输入完成用户名和密码后又重新返回到登录界面了。

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/dreamlinuxc/1832987

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Linux基础练习

显示当前时间，格式： 2016-06-18 10:20:30[root@CentOS7 ~]# date +"%F %H:%M:%S"2016-07-31 23:15:12显示前天是星期几[root@CentOS7 ~]# date -d '-2 day' +%w6设置当前日期为2019-08-07 06:05:10[root@CentOS7 ~]# date 08...
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