摘自Hive技术文档，锁管理：https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/Hive+Transactions#HiveTransactions-LockManager
Lock Manager
A new lock manager has also been added to Hive, the DbLockManager. This lock manager stores all lock information in the metastore. In addition all transactions are stored in the metastore. This means that transactions and locks are durable in the face of server failure. To avoid clients dying and leaving transaction or locks dangling, a heartbeat is sent from lock holders and transaction initiators to the metastore on a regular basis. If a heartbeat is not received in the configured amount of time, the lock or transaction will be aborted.
As of Hive 1.3.0, the length of time that the DbLockManger will continue to try to acquire locks can be controlled via hive.lock.numretires and hive.lock.sleep.between.retries. When the DbLockManager cannot acquire a lock (due to existence of a competing lock), it will back off and try again after a certain time period. In order to support short running queries and not overwhelm the metastore at the same time, the DbLockManager will double the wait time after each retry. The initial back off time is 100ms and is capped by hive.lock.sleep.between.retries. hive.lock.numretries is the total number of times it will retry a given lock request. Thus the total time that the call to acquire locks will block (given default values of 10 retries and 60s sleep time) is (100ms + 200ms + 400ms + ... + 51200ms + 60s + 60s + ... + 60s) = 91m:42s:300ms.
More details on locks used by this Lock Manager.
Configuration
These configuration parameters must be set appropriately to turn on transaction support in Hive:
- hive.support.concurrency – true
- hive.enforce.bucketing – true (Not required as of Hive 2.0)
- hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode – nonstrict
- hive.txn.manager – org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lockmgr.DbTxnManager
- hive.compactor.initiator.on – true (for exactly one instance of the Thrift metastore service)
- hive.compactor.worker.threads – a positive number on at least one instance of the Thrift metastore service
The following sections list all of the configuration parameters that affect Hive transactions and compaction. Also see Limitations above and Table Properties below.
New Configuration Parameters for Transactions
A number of new configuration parameters have been added to the system to support transactions.
| Configuration key | Values | Location | Notes |
| Default:org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lockmgr.DummyTxnManager Value required for transactions:org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lockmgr.DbTxnManager | Client/ | DummyTxnManager replicates pre Hive-0.13 behavior and provides no transactions. | |
| Default: 300 | Client/ Metastore | Time after which transactions are declared aborted if the client has not sent a heartbeat, in seconds. It's critical that this property has the same value for all components/services.5 | |
| hive.timedout.txn.reaper.start | Default: 100s | Metastore | Time delay of first reaper (the process which aborts timed-out transactions) run after the metastore starts (as of Hive 1.3.0). |
| Default: 180s | Metastore | Time interval describing how often the reaper (the process which aborts timed-out transactions) runs (as of Hive 1.3.0). | |
| Default: 1000 | Client | Maximum number of transactions that can be fetched in one call to open_txns().1 | |
| Default: false Value required for transactions: true (for exactly one instance of the Thrift metastore service) | Metastore | Whether to run the initiator and cleaner threads on this metastore instance. It's critical that this is enabled on exactly one metastore service instance (not enforced yet).
| |
| Default: 0 Value required for transactions: > 0 on at least one instance of the Thrift metastore service | Metastore | How many compactor worker threads to run on this metastore instance.2 | |
| Default: 86400 | Metastore | Time in seconds after which a compaction job will be declared failed and the compaction re-queued. | |
| hive.compactor.cleaner.run.interval | Default: 5000 | Metastore | Time in milliseconds between runs of the cleaner thread. (Hive 0.14.0 and later.) |
| Default: 300 | Metastore | Time in seconds between checks to see if any tables or partitions need to be compacted.3 | |
| Default: 10 | Metastore | Number of delta directories in a table or partition that will trigger a minor compaction. | |
| Default: 0.1 | Metastore | Percentage (fractional) size of the delta files relative to the base that will trigger a major compaction. 1 = 100%, so the default 0.1 = 10%. | |
| Default: 1000 | Metastore | Number of aborted transactions involving a given table or partition that will trigger a major compaction. | |
| Default: 500 | Metastore | Maximum number of delta files that the compactor will attempt to handle in a single job (as ofHive 1.3.0).4 | |
| Default: "" (empty string) | Metastore | Used to specify name of Hadoop queue to which Compaction jobs will be submitted. Set to empty string to let Hadoop choose the queue (as of Hive 1.3.0). |
1hive.txn.max.open.batch controls how many transactions streaming agents such as Flume or Storm open simultaneously. The streaming agent then writes that number of entries into a single file (per Flume agent or Storm bolt). Thus increasing this value decreases the number of delta files created by streaming agents. But it also increases the number of open transactions that Hive has to track at any given time, which may negatively affect read performance.
2Worker threads spawn MapReduce jobs to do compactions. They do not do the compactions themselves. Increasing the number of worker threads will decrease the time it takes tables or partitions to be compacted once they are determined to need compaction. It will also increase the background load on the Hadoop cluster as more MapReduce jobs will be running in the background.
3Decreasing this value will reduce the time it takes for compaction to be started for a table or partition that requires compaction. However, checking if compaction is needed requires several calls to the NameNode for each table or partition that has had a transaction done on it since the last major compaction. So decreasing this value will increase the load on the NameNode.
4If the compactor detects a very high number of delta files, it will first run several partial minor compactions (currently sequentially) and then perform the compaction actually requested.
5If the value is not the same active transactions may be determined to be "timed out" and consequently Aborted. This will result in errors like "No such transaction...", "No such lock ..."
Configuration Values to Set for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
In addition to the new parameters listed above, some existing parameters need to be set to support INSERT ... VALUES, UPDATE, and DELETE.
|
Configuration key
|
Must be set to
|
|---|---|
| hive.support.concurrency | true (default is false) |
| hive.enforce.bucketing | true (default is false) (Not required as of Hive 2.0) |
| hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode | nonstrict (default is strict) |
Configuration Values to Set for Compaction
If the data in your system is not owned by the Hive user (i.e., the user that the Hive metastore runs as), then Hive will need permission to run as the user who owns the data in order to perform compactions. If you have already set up HiveServer2 to impersonate users, then the only additional work to do is assure that Hive has the right to impersonate users from the host running the Hive metastore. This is done by adding the hostname to hadoop.proxyuser.hive.hosts in Hadoop's core-site.xml file. If you have not already done this, then you will need to configure Hive to act as a proxy user. This requires you to set up keytabs for the user running the Hive metastore and add hadoop.proxyuser.hive.hosts and hadoop.proxyuser.hive.groups to Hadoop's core-site.xml file. See the Hadoop documentation on secure mode for your version of Hadoop (e.g., for Hadoop 2.5.1 it is at Hadoop in Secure Mode).
Table Properties
If a table is to be used in ACID writes (insert, update, delete) then the table property "transactional=true" must be set on that table, starting with Hive 0.14.0. Also, hive.txn.manager must be set toorg.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lockmgr.DbTxnManager either in hive-site.xml or in the beginning of the session before any query is run. Without those, inserts will be done in the old style; updates and deletes will be prohibited. However, this does not apply to Hive 0.13.0.
If a table owner does not wish the system to automatically determine when to compact, then the table property "NO_AUTO_COMPACTION" can be set. This will prevent all automatic compactions. Manual compactions can still be done with Alter Table/Partition Compact statements.
Table properties are set with the TBLPROPERTIES clause when a table is created or altered, as described in the Create Table and Alter Table Properties sections of Hive Data Definition Language. Currently the "transactional" and "NO_AUTO_COMPACTION" table properties are case-sensitive, although that will change in a future release with HIVE-8308.
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