Linux  红帽   NFS服务器配置


什么是FNS？

       NFS是1980年由SUN发展出来在UNIX/Linux系统间实现磁盘文件共享的一种方法，支持应用程序在客户端通过网络存取位于服务器磁盘中数据的一种文件系统协议。


1. 场景

  某单位需要配置NFS 服务器，为另外一台运行Oracle 数据库的Linux 服务器提供备份存储。

主机名IP地址您实验环境的IP地址
nfs1.adc.local192.168.1.241
ab1.abc.local192.16.1.242

2. 实验环境

 2.1. 操作系统安装

根据《01 RHEL 安装‐文本最小化安装.docx》进行的最小化安装。

安装了core 及base 两个组。

# cat /etc/redhat-release

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.4 (Santiago)

# uname -a

Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Jan 29

11:47:41 EST 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

2.2. 服务器基本配置

修改IP 地址。（注意：根据您的实现环境进行配置）

# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0

TYPE=Ethernet

ONBOOT=yes

NM_CONTROLLED=yes

BOOTPROTO=static

IPADDR=192.168.1.241

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

GATEWAY=192.168.1.1

修改主机名

# vi /etc/sysconfig/network

NETWORKING=yes

#HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain

HOSTNAME=nfs1.abc.local

# service network restart

为了方便实验，将防火墙关闭。

# service iptables stop
# chkconfig iptables off

同时关闭 selinux。

# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.

# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:

# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.

# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.

# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.

#SELINUX=enforcing

SELINUX=disabled

# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:

# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,

# mls - Multi Level Security protection.

SELINUXTYPE=targeted

重新启动以便生效。

# reboot

3.1. 安装NFS 服务器组件

  3.1.1. 方法1：通过RPM 来进行安装

# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom/

mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

# cd /mnt/cdrom/Packages/
# ls nfs*

nfs4-acl-tools-0.3.3-6.el6.x86_64.rpm

nfs-utils-1.2.3-36.el6.x86_64.rpm

nfs-utils-lib-1.1.5-6.el6.i686.rpm

nfs-utils-lib-1.1.5-6.el6.x86_64.rpm

安装 RPM 包

# rpm -ivh nfs-utils-1.2.3-36.el6.x86_64.rpm

error: Failed dependencies:

keyutils >= 1.4‐4 is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libevent is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libevent‐1.4.so.2()(64bit) is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libgssglue is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libgssglue.so.1()(64bit) is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libgssglue.so.1(libgssapi_CITI_2)(64bit) is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libnfsidmap.so.0()(64bit) is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libtirpc is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

libtirpc.so.1()(64bit) is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

nfs‐utils‐lib >= 1.1.0‐3 is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

rpcbind is needed by nfs‐utils‐1:1.2.3‐36.el6.x86_64

解决包的依赖性

# rpm -ivh nfs-utils-1.2.3-36.el6.x86_64.rpm \

  nfs-utils-lib-1.1.5-6.el6.x86_64.rpm \

  rpcbind-0.2.0-11.el6.x86_64.rpm keyutils-1.4-4.el6.x86_64.rpm \

  libevent-1.4.13-4.el6.x86_64.rpm \

  libgssglue-0.1-11.el6.x86_64.rpm \

  libtirpc-0.2.1-5.el6.x86_64.rpm

Preparing... ########################################### [100%]

5

1:libgssglue ########################################### [ 14%]

2:libtirpc ########################################### [ 29%]

3:rpcbind ########################################### [ 43%]

4:libevent ########################################### [ 57%]

5:keyutils ########################################### [ 71%]

6:nfs‐utils‐lib ########################################### [ 86%]

7:nfs‐utils ########################################### [100%]

 3.1.2. 方法2：通过YUM 来进行安装

通过YUM 来解决包的相关性。

# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom/

mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-dvd.repo

创建新的文件，添加如下内容：

[rhel-dvd]

name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever - $basearch - DVD

baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/Server/

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

# yum list | grep nfs

nfs-utils.x86_64 1:1.2.3-36.el6 rhel-dvd

nfs-utils-lib.i686 1.1.5-6.el6 rhel-dvd

nfs-utils-lib.x86_64 1.1.5-6.el6 rhel-dvd

nfs4-acl-tools.x86_64 0.3.3-6.el6 rhel-dvd

sblim-cmpi-nfsv3.i686 1.1.1-1.el6 rhel-dvd

sblim-cmpi-nfsv3.x86_64 1.1.1-1.el6 rhel-dvd

sblim-cmpi-nfsv4.i686 1.1.0-1.el6 rhel-dvd

sblim-cmpi-nfsv4.x86_64 1.1.0-1.el6 rhel-dvd

# yum -y install nfs-utils

很方便地就安装完毕了

 3.2. 启动NFS 服务

NFS 依赖rpcbind 服务，设置为其自动启动

# chkconfig rpcbind on
# service rpcbind start
# service nfs start

Starting NFS services: [ OK ]

Starting NFS quotas: [ OK ]

Starting NFS mountd: [ OK ]

Starting NFS daemon: [ OK ]

在日志文件/var/log/messages 中，会看到如下信息：

rpc.mountd[1797]: Version 1.2.3 starting

kernel: NFSD: Using /var/lib/nfs/v4recovery as the NFSv4 state

recovery directory

kernel: NFSD: starting 90-second grace period

# chkconfig nfs on

 3.3. 配置NFS 服务器

查看当前共享的NFS 信息

# showmount -e localhost

Export list for localhost: 空白无输出

下面，做一个最基础的测试。创建 export 目录，分配权限

# mkdir /nfsdata
# ll /nfsdata/ -d

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 15:16 /nfsdata/

# chmod a+w /nfsdata/
# ll /nfsdata/ -d

drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 15:16 /nfsdata/

配置 export 文件

# vi /etc/exports

添加如下内容，注意选项中逗号之间没有空格！

/nfsdata *(rw,root_squash,no_all_squash,sync)

# exportfs -r

Tip: ‐r Reexport all directories, synchronizing /var/lib/nfs/etab with /etc/exports. This option

removes entries in /var/lib/nfs/etab which have been deleted from /etc/exports, and removes

any entries from the kernel export table which are no longer valid.

7

# showmount -e localhost

Export list for localhost:

/nfsdata *

自己连接一下自己，测试一下。

# mkdir /mnt/nfs
# mount 127.0.0.1:/nfsdata/ /mnt/nfs

查看mount 的信息

# mount

/dev/mapper/VolGroup‐lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)

proc on /proc type proc (rw)

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)

none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

/dev/sr0 on /mnt/cdrom type iso9660 (ro)

sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)

nfsd on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw)

127.0.0.1:/nfsdata/ on /mnt/nfs type nfs (rw,vers=4,addr=127.0.0.1,clientaddr=127.0.0.1)

检查目录是否可以写入。

# touch /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt
# ll /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 nfsnobody nfsnobody 0 Jul 31 15:28 /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

 3.4. 配置NFS 客户机

NFS 客户机也需要安装nfs‐utils 包。

# showmount -e 192.168.1.241

Export list for 192.168.1.241:

/nfsdata *

# mount 192.168.1.241:/nfsdata /mnt/nfs/
# ls /mnt/nfs/ -l

total 0

-rw-r--r-- 1 nfsnobody nfsnobody 0 Jul 31 15:28 testfile1.txt

# echo test >> /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt
# ls /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

/mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

# ls /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt -l

-rw-r--r-- 1 nfsnobody nfsnobody 5 Jul 31 15:47 /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt


4. 排错

  4.1. 启动NFS 服务时出错

# service nfs start

Starting NFS services: [ OK ]

Starting NFS quotas: Cannot register service: RPC: Unable to receive;

errno = Connection refused

rpc.rquotad: unable to register (RQUOTAPROG, RQUOTAVERS, udp).

[FAILED]

Starting NFS mountd: [FAILED]

Starting NFS daemon: rpc.nfsd: writing fd to kernel failed: errno 111

(Connection refused)

rpc.nfsd: unable to set any sockets for nfsd

[FAILED]

原因是 rpcbind 没有启动。

# service rpcbind start

Starting rpcbind: [ OK ]

# service nfs start

Starting NFS services: [ OK ]

Starting NFS quotas: [ OK ]

Starting NFS mountd: [ OK ]

Starting NFS daemon: [ OK ]

# chkconfig rpcbind on

  4.2. 权限出错

# mkdir /mnt/nfs
# mount 127.0.0.1:/nfsdata/ /mnt/nfs

查看mount 信息

# mount

/dev/mapper/VolGroup‐lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)

proc on /proc type proc (rw)

9

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)

none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

/dev/sr0 on /mnt/cdrom type iso9660 (ro)

sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)

nfsd on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw)

127.0.0.1:/nfsdata/ on /mnt/nfs type nfs (rw,vers=4,addr=127.0.0.1,clientaddr=127.0.0.1)

# touch /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

touch: cannot touch `/mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt': Permission denied

是文件系统的权限不足，造成的

# ll /nfsdata/ -d

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 15:16 /nfsdata/

# chmod a+w /nfsdata/
# ll /nfsdata/ -d

drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 15:16 /nfsdata/

# touch /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

# ll /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 nfsnobody nfsnobody 0 Jul 31 15:28 /mnt/nfs/testfile1.txt

  4.3. 客户端程序出错

# showmount

-bash: showmount: command not found

# mount -t nfs 192.168.1.241:/nfsdata /mnt/nfs

mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on

192.168.1.241:/nfsdata,

missing codepage or helper program, or other error

(for several filesystems (e.g. nfs, cifs) you might

need a /sbin/mount.<type> helper program)

In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try

dmesg | tail or so

客户端也需要安装 nfs-utils

# ls /sbin/mount.*

/sbin/mount.tmpfs

# yum -y install nfs-utils

安装之后，会增加针对ntfs 文件系统的mount 命令

# ls /sbin/mount.*

/sbin/mount.nfs /sbin/mount.nfs4 /sbin/mount.tmpfs