非root linux安装gcc,非 root 用户手动编译安装 GCC

我们知道，关于 GCC 在 CentOS 下通过 yum 安装默认版本号，CentOS 5 是 4.1.2；CentOS 6 是 4.4.7；CentOS 7 是 4.8.3。很多时候在编译安装软件都需要高版本的 GCC，否则就会报错。那么如何升级 GCC 的版本呢？

首先要确认升级到的 GCC 版本号。目前 GCC 的最新版已经到了 5.2，而 CentOS 7 则依然使用其 4.8，所以基于兼容性考虑，可以选择升级到 4.8.5。GCC 官网：https://gcc.gnu.org。

需要注意，编译安装 GCC 内存不小于 1GB，Swap 不小于 1GB，硬盘最低不小于 10GB，否则极有可能会中途报错退出。编译安装完后，目录 gcc-4.8.5 将会有 5GB 之多。

1. 下载源码

$ wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-4.8.5/gcc-4.8.5.tar.gz

2. 下载依赖包

编译安装 GCC 需要依赖 mpc，mpfr，gmp，isl 包。前四个包是 GNU 软件，使用 GCC 源码里自带脚本可以轻松下载；最后一个 isl 不是 GNU 项目，需要我们手动去下载。

$ tar zxf gcc-4.8.5.tar.gz

$ cd gcc-4.8.5

$ ./contrib/download_prerequisites

--2019-06-06 16:18:09-- ftp://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/mpfr-2.4.2.tar.bz2

=> “mpfr-2.4.2.tar.bz2”

Resolving gcc.gnu.org... 209.132.180.131

Connecting to gcc.gnu.org|209.132.180.131|:21... connected.

Logging in as anonymous ... Logged in!

==> SYST ... done. ==> PWD ... done.

==> TYPE I ... done. ==> CWD (1) /pub/gcc/infrastructure ... done.

==> SIZE mpfr-2.4.2.tar.bz2 ... 1077886

==> PASV ... done. ==> RETR mpfr-2.4.2.tar.bz2 ... done.

Length: 1077886 (1.0M) (unauthoritative)

100%[=================================================================================>] 1,077,886 249K/s in 4.2s

2019-06-06 16:18:19 (249 KB/s) - “mpfr-2.4.2.tar.bz2” saved [1077886]

--2019-06-06 16:18:20-- ftp://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/gmp-4.3.2.tar.bz2

=> “gmp-4.3.2.tar.bz2”

Resolving gcc.gnu.org... 209.132.180.131

Connecting to gcc.gnu.org|209.132.180.131|:21... connected.

Logging in as anonymous ... Logged in!

==> SYST ... done. ==> PWD ... done.

==> TYPE I ... done. ==> CWD (1) /pub/gcc/infrastructure ... done.

==> SIZE gmp-4.3.2.tar.bz2 ... 1897483

==> PASV ... done. ==> RETR gmp-4.3.2.tar.bz2 ... done.

Length: 1897483 (1.8M) (unauthoritative)

100%[=================================================================================>] 1,897,483 210K/s in 7.7s

2019-06-06 16:18:30 (239 KB/s) - “gmp-4.3.2.tar.bz2” saved [1897483]

--2019-06-06 16:18:31-- ftp://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/mpc-0.8.1.tar.gz

=> “mpc-0.8.1.tar.gz”

Resolving gcc.gnu.org... 209.132.180.131

Connecting to gcc.gnu.org|209.132.180.131|:21... connected.

Logging in as anonymous ... Logged in!

==> SYST ... done. ==> PWD ... done.

==> TYPE I ... done. ==> CWD (1) /pub/gcc/infrastructure ... done.

==> SIZE mpc-0.8.1.tar.gz ... 544950

==> PASV ... done. ==> RETR mpc-0.8.1.tar.gz ... done.

Length: 544950 (532K) (unauthoritative)

100%[=================================================================================>] 544,950 286K/s in 1.9s

2019-06-06 16:18:35 (286 KB/s) - “mpc-0.8.1.tar.gz” saved [544950]

$ wget http://isl.gforge.inria.fr/isl-0.14.tar.gz

$ tar zvxf isl-0.14.tar.gz

$ ln -s lsl isl-0.14

在此脚本里可以看到依赖包的版本号依次是 mpc-0.8.1，mpfr-2.4.2，gmp-4.3.2；另外我们下载 isl-0.14。

3. 编译安装

为了避免在编译过程中，受原来系统自定义的一堆环境影响，建议先 unset 这些环境设置：

$ unset LIBRARY_PATH CPATH C_INCLUDE_PATH PKG_CONFIG_PATH CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH INCLUDE

完整编译安装步骤如下：

$ mkdir gcc-build-4.8.5

$ cd gcc-build-4.8.5

$ unset LIBRARY_PATH CPATH C_INCLUDE_PATH PKG_CONFIG_PATH CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH INCLUDE

$ ../configure -enable-checking=release -enable-languages=c,c++ -disable-multilib --prefix=/Bioinfo/SoftWare/gcc-4.8.5

$ make

$ make install

.....

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Libraries have been installed in:

/Bioinfo/SoftWare/gcc-4.8.5/lib/../lib64

If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries

in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and

specify the full pathname of the library, or use the `-LLIBDIR'

flag during linking and do at least one of the following:

- add LIBDIR to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable

during execution

- add LIBDIR to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable

during linking

- use the `-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag

- have your system administrator add LIBDIR to `/etc/ld.so.conf'

See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for

more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

......

如果需要重新 configure 或在 make 中途出错需要退出，最好把当前目录下的所有东西都删除干净。可以执行下面指令清空 编译目录下的相关文件，包括 makefile：

$ make distclean

4. 配置环境变量

GCC 安装完成后，需要包新安装的 gcc 添加到 PATH 个人相应的 LD_LIBRARY_PATH ：

export PATH=/Bioinfo/SoftWare/gcc-4.8.5/bin:$PATH

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/Bioinfo/SoftWare/gcc-4.8.5/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

如果不想把新装 GCC 添加到 ~/.bashrc 中的 PATH 和 LD_LIBRARY_PATH 让它永久起作用，但是在安装软件时又想使用新安装的高级版本的 GCC 来编译软件，可以在软件编译前先执行上面两个 export 语句再执行编译安装命令；或者在软件编译安装时直接在编译参数中添加 gcc/g++ 和其动态库的路径就可以。

5. 参考资料