ROM:只读存储器包含路由器正在使用的IOS的一份副本;
  RAM:IOS将随机访问存储器分成共享和主存。主要用来存储运行中的路由器配置和与路由协议有关的IOS数据结构;
  FLASH (闪存):用来存储IOS软件映像文件,闪存是可以擦除内存,它能够用IOS的新版本覆写,IOS升级主要是闪存中的IOS映像文件进行更换。
  NVRAM:非易失性随机访问存储器,用来存储系统的配置文件。
 
IOS升级方法一
  在对能够正常启动的CISCO路由器的IOS进行升级时,比较简单。具体步骤如下:
  1、寻找一种TFTP服务器软件(有CISCO公司的TFTPServer或3COM公司的3Cserver等,在升级较大IOS映象文件时,建议用 3Cserver),安装在一台计算机上,将要升级的IOS映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中(例:D:\),并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root 目录为拷贝IOS映象文件所在目录(如D:\)。假设该计算机的IP地址为10.32.10.1;
  2、连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC的超级终端软件访问路由器,将路由器的地址设为10.32.10.32(与计算机的IP地址同网段即可)。建议在进行IOS升级前将原有IOS文件备份下来,防止待升级的IOS文件存在问题不可用;
  QUOTE:Router# dir flash: (查看目前IOS映象文件名,也可用Router#Show version)
  Directory of flash:/
  1 -rw- 5998292 C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
  8388608 bytes total (2390252 bytes free)
  Router#copy flash tftp (备份IOS文件)
  Source 200631803606.htm []?c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
  Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1 (TFTP服务器地址)
  Destination 200631803606.htm [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  …
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  5998292 bytes copied in 324.071 secs (18509 bytes/sec)
  Router# 3、对路由器进行IOS升级;
  QUOTE:Router#copy tftp flash
  Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1 (TFTP服务器地址)
  Source 200631803606.htm []? c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin (需升级的新IOS映象文件名)
  Destination 200631803606.htm [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
  Do you want to over write? [confirm]
  Accessing tftp://10.32.10.1/c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin……
  Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]
  Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
  Erasing device…… eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ……erasedee
  Erase of flash: complete
  Loading c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin from 10.32.10.1 (via Ethernet0/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  [OK - 5998292 bytes]
  Verifying checksum…… OK (0xA0C0)
  5998292 bytes copied in 318.282 secs (18846 bytes/sec)
   Router# IOS升级方法二
  由于升级失败后或者路由器的config-register寄存器值为0x2101时,开启路由器时、或者在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即Router(boot)>,在这种情形下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,也比较简单。首先进入特权模式下,即
  QUOTE:Router(boot)>en
  Router(boot)#其他升级步骤同方法一,即:执行copy tftp flash命令,对IOS进行升级。升级完成后,不要忘了修改config-register寄存器值为0x2102(恢复正常值)。
  QUOTE:Router(boot)# t
  Router(boot)( config)# config-register 0x2102
  Router(boot)( config)#exit
  Router(boot)#wr
  Router(boot)#reload重启即可。
   IOS升级方法三
  由于不小心使用了命令erase flash或升级失败后或在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入 rom监视模式,即 rommon 1>,在这种情形下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,情况要稍微复杂一点。在rommon 1>状态下,可键?请求帮助。(1为命令行序号,每执行1条命令自动加1)
  QUOTE:rommon 1 > ?
  alias set and display aliases command
  boot boot up an external process
  break set/show/clear the breakpoint
  confreg configuration register utility
  cont continue executing a downloaded image
  context display the context of a loaded image
  cookie display contents of cookie PROM in hex
  dev list the device table
  dir list files in file system
  dis display instruction stream
  dnld serial download a program module
  frame print out a selected stack frame
  help monitor builtin command help
  history monitor command history
  meminfo main memory information
  repeat repeat a monitor command
  reset system reset
  set display the monitor variables
  stack produce a stack trace
  sync write monitor environment to NVRAM
  sysret print out info from last system return
  tftpdnld tftp image download
  unalias unset an alias
  unset unset a monitor variable
  xmodem x/ymodem image download
  rommon 2 >在rommon 1>状态下有两种升级IOS方法。
  (一)、通过Xmodem命令(注:Xmodem与实际的modem没有任何联系 只是一个传输协议 数据是通过终端的串口和路由器的Console口灌进去的)升级IOS,具体步骤如下:
  1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器,这时不需要对PC和路由器配置任何地址。
  2、在这个模式下,输入Xmodem命令,即:
  QUOTE:rommon 2 > xmodem -c c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
  (-c是带校验,c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin为存放在PC机上的IOS映像文件)
  WARNING: All existing data in bootflash will be lost!
  Invoke this application .ly for disaster recovery.
  Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y Ready to receive file c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin …… (此时在超级终端的传送栏目=> 选择发送文件选项 => 再选择Xmodem 并指明IOS映像文件所在的路径,按发送即开始上传IOS,等待时间很长,视IOS的大小和传输速度。)
  QUOTE:Erasing flash at 0x607c0000
  program flash location 0x605b0000
  Download Complete!
  传完以后,对整个系统初始化 显示如下:
  QUOTE:program load complete, entry point: 0x80008000, size: 0x5b85e0
  Self decompressing the image :
  [OK]
  Smart Init is disabled. IOMEM set to: 10
  Using iomem percentage: 10
 
Router>采用这种方法时,由于使用console口来传送,速率为9600bps,需要时间较长。因此可修改console口速率利用xmodem命令实现快速升级IOS.具体方法如下:
  QUOTE:rommon 1 > confreg 回车
  Configuration Summary
  enabled are:
  load rom after netboot fails
  console baud: 9600
  boot: image specified by the boot system commands
  or default to: cisco2-C2600
  do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
  enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "use net in IP bcast address"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
  enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400
  4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [0]: 7 (选择 7,用最大的11520速率的xmodem传输)
 
change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  Configuration Summary
  enabled are:
  load rom after netboot fails
  console baud: 115200
  boot: image specified by the boot system commands
  or default to: cisco2-C2600
  do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect
  rommon 2 > reset 回车注意:在按reset键前,需要修改串口速度(我的电脑——端口属性——串口速度调为115200),然后再修改超级终端里设置速率为115200,记住,一定要这么做,否则会出现乱码! 然后关闭这个超级终端,重新建立一个超级终端连接,重新启动系统后,出现
  QUOTE:rommon 1> 提示符然后,输入
  QUOTE:rommon 1> xmodem -r
  Do not start the sending program yet……
  Invoke this application .ly for disaster recovery.
  Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
  Ready to receive file ……
  此时,在超级终端的菜单上的“传送”——“发送文件”——选择IOS映像文件所在地以及选择使用“xmodem”协议,点击“发送”即可。等待10-20 分钟左右就可升级完3-6M的IOS文件!待升级完成后,请记住修改回计算机串口与超级终端、路由器confreg下的xmodem等传输速率为 9600bps.
  方法如下:
  QUOTE:Router>en 进入新IOS的特权模式
  Router#reload 重启系统
  Proceed with reload? [confirm] 回车
  00:01:04: %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested
  System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
  Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
  TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info
  PC = 0xfff0a530, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x680127b0
  C2600 platform with 24576 Kbytes of main memory
  PC = 0xfff0a530, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x80004684
  monitor: command "boot" aborted due to user interrupt
  30秒内按ctrl+break键
  rommon 1 > confreg ( 输入“confreg”命令)
  Configuration Summary
  enabled are:
  load rom after netboot fails
  console baud: 115200
  boot: image specified by the boot system commands
  or default to: cisco2-C2600
  do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
  enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "use nn IP bcast address"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
  enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400
  4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [7]: 0 (选择 0,改回用标准速率速率9600的xmodem传输)
  change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
  Configuration Summary
  enabled are:
  load rom after netboot fails
  console baud: 9600
  boot: image specified by the boot system commands
  or default to: cisco2-C2600
  do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect
  rommon 2 >此时手工改回计算机串口与超级终端2者传输速率为9600
  然后敲入
  QUOTE:rommon 2 >reset最好关掉电源后,重新启动。利用xmodem命令实现路由器IOS升级速度较慢,往往等上很长时间,为了快速升级,可以采用下列方法。
  (二)通过tftpdnld命令升级IOS,具体步骤如下:
  1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器;用一根双绞线连接路由器的eth0/0口与PC机的网卡。
  2、将路由器的eth0/0口IP地址设为10.32.10.32;PC机的IP地址设为10.32.10.1.将要升级的IOS映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中,并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root目录为拷贝IOS映象文件所在目录。
  3、通过set 命令查看配置参数
  QUOTE:rommon 2 > set
  PS1=rommon ! >
  BOOT=
  BSI=0
  RET_2_RTS=
  ?=0 4、在 rommon 状态下输入:(注意大小写)
  QUOTE:rommon 3 >IP_ADDRESS=10.32.10.1 (路由器的ip地址)
  rommon 4 >IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 (路由器的掩码)
  rommon 5 >DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32 (缺省网关,是pc机的ip地址)
  rommon 6 >TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32 (是pc机的ip地址)
  rommon 7 >TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN (上传ios文件的名称)
  rommon 8>sync (保存参数配置)
  rommon 9 >set (查看)
  rommon 10 > set
  PS1=rommon ! >
  BOOT=
  IP_ADDRESS=10.32.10.1
  IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0
  DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32
  TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32
  TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
  BSI=0
  RET_2_RTS=
  ?=0
  rommon 11 >tftpdnld执行tftpdnld命令进行ios升级,有时可能会报错或命令不执行,这时只要用sync命令保存配置后,重新启动路由器(最好关掉电源再开机)后,再执行tftpdnld命令就可以了。
  QUOTE:rommon 11 >tftpdnld(传送文件)出现提示选择y
  IP_ADDRESS: 10.32.10.1
  IP_SUBNET_MASK: 255.255.255.0
  DEFAULT_GATEWAY: 10.32.10.32
  TFTP_SERVER: 10.32.10.32
  TFTP_FILE: C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
  Invoke this command for disaster recovery .ly.
  WARNING: all existing data in all partitions . flash will be lost!
  Do you wish to continue? y/n: [n]: y
  Receiving C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN from 10.32.10.32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  …
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  File reception completed.
  Copying file C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN to flash.
  Erasing flash at 0x607c0000
  program flash location 0x605b0000
  rommon 13 >
  在rommon 13 >提示符下键入reset,或重新启动路由器(power-cycle),进入正常引导状态,即:
  Router>在Cisco2500、2600、7200等系列路由器上均实际操作过,以上为在Cisco2610路由器上实际操作捕获或截屏,所配地址只是特例,可根据实际需要予以修改。在作正常路由器系统升级时,为防止不正确操作等引起的升级失败,请先把路由器原有的系统备份下来。