一、增删改查的使用
数据库表的初始化
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column from sqlalchemy import Integer,String,Text,Date,DateTime from sqlalchemy import create_engine Base = declarative_base() class Users(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) depart_id = Column(Integer) def create_all(): engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/s9day120?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接 pool_size=5, # 连接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置) ) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_all(): engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/s9day120?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接 pool_size=5, # 连接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置) ) Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) if __name__ == '__main__': drop_all() create_all()
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/mytest?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接 pool_size=5, # 连接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置) ) SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine) # 根据Users类对users表进行增删改查 session = SessionFactory() # 创建表结构,只有继承了Base的类才会被初始化 Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
增删改查
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1. 增加 obj = Users(name='alex') session.add(obj) session.commit() session.add_all([ Users(name='小东北'), Users(name='龙泰') ]) session.commit() session.close()
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session.query(Users).filter(Users.id >= 2).delete()
session.commit()
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session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 4).update({Users.name:'二郎神'}) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 4).update({'name':'孙悟空'}) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 4).update({'name':Users.name+"DSB"},synchronize_session=False) session.commit() # synchronize_session代表以字符串的形式更新,如果不添加此参数,默认以数字的形式进行更新。
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result = session.query(Users).all() for row in result: print(row.id,row.name) result = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id >= 2) for row in result: print(row.id,row.name) result = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id >= 2).first() print(result)
指定查询字段(列)
# 原生sql select id,name as cname from users; # sqlachelmy语句 result = session.query(Users.id,Users.name.label('cname')).all() for item in result: print(item[0],item.id,item.cname)
and查询(默认)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
between查询
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
in查询
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() # in查询要使用in_ # ~代表反向查询
子查询
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter(Users.name=='eric'))).all()
and 和 or查询
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric').all() # and_为默认的使用方法 session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all() session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all() session.query(Users).filter( or_( Users.id < 2, and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3), Users.extra != "" )).all()
filter_by
session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() # filter_by与filter功能相同,只是filter传入的是一个值
通配符查询
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() # 相当于原生sql中的 like 'e%'
切片
result = session.query(Users)[1:2]
排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
group_by
from sqlalchemy.sql import func ret = session.query( Users.depart_id, func.count(Users.id), ).group_by(Users.depart_id).all() for item in ret: print(item) from sqlalchemy.sql import func ret = session.query( Users.depart_id, func.count(Users.id), ).group_by(Users.depart_id).having(func.count(Users.id) >= 2).all() for item in ret: print(item) # func中含有sql计算方法 # 一旦使用了func方法,再想过滤查询只能使用having方法
union 和 union_all
""" select id,name from users UNION select id,name from users; """ q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union(q2).all() q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union_all(q2).all() # 二者的区别在于union会合并重复的查询结果,而union_all不会,它让然会将重复的结果累加到结果下面。 # union查询类似于left join或者right join查询