动态语言的定义:动态编程语言是高级程序设计语言的一个类别,在计算机科学领域已被广泛应用。
它是一类在执行时能够改变其结构的语言:比如新的函数、对象、甚至代码能够被引进,已有的函数能够被删除或是其它结构上的变化。
动态语言眼下很具有活力。
众所周知的ECMAScript(JavaScript)便是一个动态语言。除此之外如PHP、Ruby、Python等也都属于动态语言,而C、C++等语言则不属于动态语言。----来自维基百科
你是不是有过给class里面变量赋值却发现程序没达到自己预期结果的遭遇?是不是本来赋值给class.abc却赋给了class.abd?这事实上是动态语言惹的“祸”!
【博主曾经玩的是java】我们先来试着玩一玩
>>> class Person():
def __init__(self, name = None, age = None):
self.name = name
self.age = age
>>> P = Person("The_Third_Wave", "24")
>>>
在这里,我们定义了1个类Person,在这个类里,定义了两个初始属性name和age。可是人还有性别啊。假设这个类不是你写的是不是你会尝试訪问性别这个属性呢?
>>> P.sexuality = "male"
>>> P.sexuality
'male'
>>>
这时候就发现问题了,我们定义的类里面没有sexuality这个属性啊!
怎么回事呢?
这就是动态语言的魅力和坑!这里 实际上就是 动态给实例绑定属性! 所以博主“当年”从java转python被“坑”(无知啊)过!我们再看下一个样例
>>> P1 = Person("Wave", "25")
>>> P1.sexuality
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#21>", line 1, in <module>
P1.sexuality
AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'sexuality'
>>>
我们尝试打印P1.sexuality,发现报错,P1没有sexuality这个属性。----
给P这个实例绑定属性对P1这个实例不起作用!
那我们要给全部的Person的实例加上sexuality属性怎么办呢?答案就是直接给Person绑定属性!
>>>> Person.sexuality = None
>>> P1 = Person("Wave", "25")
>>> print P1.sexuality
None
>>>
我们直接给Person绑定sexuality这个属性。重行实例化P1后,P1就有sexuality这个属性了!
那么function呢?怎么绑定?
>>> class Person():
def __init__(self, name = None, age = None):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def eat(self):
print "eat food"
>>> def run(self, speed):
print "Keeping moving, the speed is %s km/h" %speed
>>> P = Person("The_Third_Wave", "24")
>>>
KeyboardInterrupt
>>> P.run()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
P.run()
AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'run'
>>> P.eat()
eat food
>>> import types
>>> Person.run = types.MethodType(run, None, Person)
>>> P.run(180)
Keeping moving, the speed is 180 km/h
>>>
绑定我们了解了,可是怎么删除呢?
请看下面样例首先给的是属性的真删:
>>> P.name
'The_Third_Wave'
>>> P.sex
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#32>", line 1, in <module>
P.sex
AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'sex'
>>> setattr(P, "sex", "male") # 増
>>> P.sex
'male'
>>> delattr(P, "name") # 删
>>> P.name
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#36>", line 1, in <module>
P.name
AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'name'
>>>
加入方法呢?
>>> class Person():
def __init__(self, name = None, age = None):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def eat(self):
print "eat food"
>>> P = Person("The_Third_Wave", "24")
>>> P.eat()
eat food
>>> P.run()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#41>", line 1, in <module>
P.run()
AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'run'
>>> def run(self, speed):
print "Keeping moving, the speed is %s" %speed
>>> setattr(P, "run", run)
>>> P.run(360)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#45>", line 1, in <module>
P.run(360)
TypeError: run() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given)
>>> P.run(1, 360)
Keeping moving, the speed is 360
>>>
删除
>>> delattr(P, "run")
>>> P.run()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#48>", line 1, in <module>
P.run()
AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'run'
>>>
通过以上样例能够得出一个结论:相对于动态语言。静态语言具有严谨性!
所以,玩动态语言的时候。小心动态的坑!
那么怎么避免这样的情况呢?请使用__slots__,可是我的是2.7.6版本号。測试是不行的!代码例如以下:
>>> class Person():
__slots__ = ("location", "run")
def __init__(self, name = None, age = None):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def eat(self):
print "eat food"
>>> P = Person()
>>> P.sex
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
P.sex
AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'sex'
>>> P.sex = "male"
>>>
详细原因是什么呢。本来是准备请等待更新:ing...的
BUT,我多写了个object就出来了。
。。这可真是个神坑!
soga!
>>> class Person(object):
__slots__ = ("location", "run")
def __init__(self, name = None, age = None):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def eat(self):
print "eat food"
>>> P = Person()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module>
P = Person()
File "<pyshell#11>", line 5, in __init__
self.name = name
AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute 'name' # 顺便还发现了个注意事项:要预先定义的属性也要写到tuple里面!
>>> class Person(object): __slots__ = ("name", "age", "eat", "location", "run") def __init__(self, name = None, age = None): self.name = name self.age = age def eat(self): print "eat food" >>> P = Person() >>> P.sex = "male" Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module> P.sex = "male" AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute 'sex' >>> P.location = "china" >>> P.location 'china' >>> def run(self, speed): print "Keeping moving, the speed is %s km/h" %speed >>> setattr(P, "run", run) >>> P.run(u"请注意这儿參数和上面有个样例不一样哦", 720) Keeping moving, the speed is 720 km/h >>>
顺便还发现了个注意事项:要预先定义的属性也要写到tuple里面。
临时写到这。不定期更新ing...关于slots的demo原文:https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html?highlight=__slots__#__slots__
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