1、py文件自动创建的全局变量
print(vars()) 返回值:{'__name__': '__main__', '__package__': None, '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x0000025471756E10>, '__cached__': None, '__doc__': None, '__file__': 'C:/Users/john/PycharmProjects/q1/day12/index.py', '__spec__': None, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>}
1.1常用变量:
__doc__ #py文件的注释
__file__#自己路径
__package__#当前.py所在的包
__cached __#py缓存
__name__#显示py文件的名字,此变量可做主函数调用判断用
1.2不常用变量:
__loader__:系统调用
__spec__ 系统调用
__builtins__##存放内置函数
demo—查看当前文件夹和文件路径 import os s= os.path.dirname(__file__) print(s) print(__file__)
2、模块
对于一个复杂的功能来,可能需要多个函数才能完成(函数又可以在不同的.py文件中),n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。
类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程,函数式编程则完成一个功能,其他代码用来调用即可,提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。
模块可分为三种:
- 自定义模块:人工编写
- 第三方模块:使用python管理工具安装(pip:scripts目录下) or 下载代码使用 python + setup.py(三方模块) + install
- 内置模块:直接调用
导入的关键字 import
eg:图形化 pyqt、桌面开发wxpython、网络服务socket等
2.1导入模块的方法
import module from module.xx.xx import xx from module.xx.xx import xx as rename from module.xx.xx import *
导入模块的路径基准为 sys.path ,若没有需要的路径,可使用 sys.path.append('路径') 的方法添加
3、程序员搜索工具使用顺序:谷歌》ask》bing》baidu,殿堂级平台stackoverflow
4、字符串格式化
Python的字符串格式化有两种方式: 百分号方式、format方式。建议使用format方式。
4.1、百分号方式
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
%[(name)][flags][width].[precision]typecode (name) 可选,用于选择指定的key flags 可选,可供选择的值有: + 右对齐;正数前加正好,负数前加负号; - 左对齐;正数前无符号,负数前加负号; 空格 右对齐;正数前加空格,负数前加负号; 0 右对齐;正数前无符号,负数前加负号;用0填充空白处 width 可选,占有宽度 .precision 可选,小数点后保留的位数 typecode 必选 s,获取传入对象的__str__方法的返回值,并将其格式化到指定位置 r,获取传入对象的__repr__方法的返回值,并将其格式化到指定位置 c,整数:将数字转换成其unicode对应的值,10进制范围为 0 <= i <= 1114111(py27则只支持0-255);字符:将字符添加到指定位置 o,将整数转换成 八 进制表示,并将其格式化到指定位置 x,将整数转换成十六进制表示,并将其格式化到指定位置 d,将整数、浮点数转换成 十 进制表示,并将其格式化到指定位置 e,将整数、浮点数转换成科学计数法,并将其格式化到指定位置(小写e) E,将整数、浮点数转换成科学计数法,并将其格式化到指定位置(大写E) f, 将整数、浮点数转换成浮点数表示,并将其格式化到指定位置(默认保留小数点后6位) F,同上 g,自动调整将整数、浮点数转换成 浮点型或科学计数法表示(超过6位数用科学计数法),并将其格式化到指定位置(如果是科学计数则是e;) G,自动调整将整数、浮点数转换成 浮点型或科学计数法表示(超过6位数用科学计数法),并将其格式化到指定位置(如果是科学计数则是E;) %,当字符串中存在格式化标志时,需要用 %%表示一个百分号 eg: tpl = "i am %s" % "alex" tpl = "i am %s age %d" % ("alex", 18) tpl = "i am %(name)s age %(age)d" % {"name": "alex", "age": 18} tpl = "percent %.2f" % 99.97623 tpl = "i am %(pp).2f" % {"pp": 123.425556, } tpl = "i am %.2f %%" % {"pp": 123.425556, }
4.2、Format方式
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
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[[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type] fill 【可选】空白处填充的字符 align 【可选】对齐方式(需配合width使用) <,内容左对齐 >,内容右对齐(默认) =,内容右对齐,将符号放置在填充字符的左侧,且只对数字类型有效。 即使:符号+填充物+数字 ^,内容居中 sign 【可选】有无符号数字 +,正号加正,负号加负; -,正号不变,负号加负; 空格 ,正号空格,负号加负; # 【可选】对于二进制、八进制、十六进制,如果加上#,会显示 0b/0o/0x,否则不显示 , 【可选】为数字添加分隔符,如:1,000,000 width 【可选】格式化位所占宽度 .precision 【可选】小数位保留精度 type 【可选】格式化类型 传入” 字符串类型 “的参数 s,格式化字符串类型数据 空白,未指定类型,则默认是None,同s 传入“ 整数类型 ”的参数 b,将10进制整数自动转换成2进制表示然后格式化 c,将10进制整数自动转换为其对应的unicode字符 d,十进制整数 o,将10进制整数自动转换成8进制表示然后格式化; x,将10进制整数自动转换成16进制表示然后格式化(小写x) X,将10进制整数自动转换成16进制表示然后格式化(大写X) 传入“ 浮点型或小数类型 ”的参数 e, 转换为科学计数法(小写e)表示,然后格式化; E, 转换为科学计数法(大写E)表示,然后格式化; f , 转换为浮点型(默认小数点后保留6位)表示,然后格式化; F, 转换为浮点型(默认小数点后保留6位)表示,然后格式化; g, 自动在e和f中切换 G, 自动在E和F中切换 %,显示百分比(默认显示小数点后6位) 常用方式: tpl = "i am {}, age {}, {}".format("seven", 18, 'alex') tpl = "i am {}, age {}, {}".format(*["seven", 18, 'alex']) tpl = "i am {0}, age {1}, really {0}".format("seven", 18) tpl = "i am {0}, age {1}, really {0}".format(*["seven", 18]) tpl = "i am {name}, age {age}, really {name}".format(name="seven", age=18) tpl = "i am {name}, age {age}, really {name}".format(**{"name": "seven", "age": 18}) tpl = "i am {0[0]}, age {0[1]}, really {0[2]}".format([1, 2, 3], [11, 22, 33]) tpl = "i am {:s}, age {:d}, money {:f}".format("seven", 18, 88888.1) tpl = "i am {:s}, age {:d}".format(*["seven", 18]) tpl = "i am {name:s}, age {age:d}".format(name="seven", age=18) tpl = "i am {name:s}, age {age:d}".format(**{"name": "seven", "age": 18}) tpl = "numbers: {:b},{:o},{:d},{:x},{:X}, {:%}".format(15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15.87623, 2) tpl = "numbers: {:b},{:o},{:d},{:x},{:X}, {:%}".format(15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15.87623, 2) tpl = "numbers: {0:b},{0:o},{0:d},{0:x},{0:X}, {0:%}".format(15) tpl = "numbers: {num:b},{num:o},{num:d},{num:x},{num:X}, {num:%}".format(num=15)
5、常用模块
5.1、sys:
用于提供对Python解释器相关的操作:
sys.argv 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n) 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint 最大的Int值
sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdin 输入相关
sys.stdout 输出相关
sys.stderror 错误相关
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import sys import time def view_bar(num, total): rate = float(num) / float(total) rate_num = int(rate * 100) r = '\r%d%%' % (rate_num, ) sys.stdout.write(r) sys.stdout.flush() if __name__ == '__main__': for i in range(0, 100): time.sleep(0.1) view_bar(i, 100)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import sys import time n = 100 for i in range(n): #情况并打印百分比 sys.stdout.write('\r') #清空原行内容 sys.stdout.write("%s%% | %s"%((int((i+1)/n*100)),int((i+1)/n*100)*'*')) sys.stdout.flush() time.sleep(0.1)
5.2、os
用于提供系统级别的操作:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.') os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..') os.makedirs('dir1/dir2') 可生成多层递归目录 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印 os.remove() 删除一个文件 os.rename("oldname","new") 重命名文件/目录 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息 os.sep 操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/" os.linesep 当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n" os.pathsep 用于分割文件路径的字符串 os.name 字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令,直接显示 os.environ 获取系统环境变量 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径 os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径,返回True os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
查用的方法:stat\dirname\existsts\join
5.3、time
时间有三种表示方式
- 时间戳 1970年1月1日之后的秒,即:time.time()
- 格式化的字符串 2014-11-11 11:11, 即:time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
- 结构化时间 元组包含了:年、日、星期等... time.struct_time 即:time.localtime()
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
print time.time() print time.mktime(time.localtime()) print time.gmtime() #可加时间戳参数 print time.localtime() #可加时间戳参数 print time.strptime('2014-11-11', '%Y-%m-%d') print time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') #默认当前时间 print time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d',time.localtime()) #默认当前时间 print time.asctime() print time.asctime(time.localtime()) print time.ctime(time.time())
5.4、datetime
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
datetime.date:表示日期的类。常用的属性有year, month, day datetime.time:表示时间的类。常用的属性有hour, minute, second, microsecond datetime.datetime:表示日期时间 datetime.timedelta:表示时间间隔,即两个时间点之间的长度 timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]]) strftime("%Y-%m-%d") ''' import datetime print datetime.datetime.now() print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=5)
5.5、pickle
pickle 用于【python特有的类型】 和 【python基本数据类型】间进行转换
提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
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######## ###文件写入 ######## #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pickle accounts = { 1000:{ 'name':'john li', 'email':'william200@163.com', 'passwd':'abc123', 'balance':15000, 'phone':135135135, 'bank_acc':{ 'ICBC':1223333333, 'CBD':1123433, 'ABC':12342 }, }, 1001:{ 'name':'le', 'email':'william200@163.com', 'passwd':'abc123', 'balance':1500, 'phone':135135135, 'bank_acc':{ 'ICBC':1223333333, 'CBD':1123433, 'ABC':12342 } } } f = open("account.db",'wb') f.write(pickle.dumps(accounts)) f.close() ######## ##读取 ##### #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pickle account_file = open("account.db",'rb') account_dic = pickle.load(account_file) account_dic[1000]["balance"] -= 500 print(account_dic) account_file.close() f = open("account.db",'wb') f.write(pickle.dumps(account_dic)) f.close()
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%Y Year with century as a decimal number. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. %z Time zone offset from UTC. %a Locale's abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale's full weekday name. %b Locale's abbreviated month name. %B Locale's full month name. %c Locale's appropriate date and time representation. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %p Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.
5.6、json
用于【字符串】和 【python基本数据类型】 间进行转换,多拥有程序间交互数据使用
提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
5.7、hashlib
用于加密相关的操作,代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法
常用方法
加密算法无法避免撞库,需要采用加盐的方法
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
import hashlib # ######## md5 ######## hash = hashlib.md5(bytes('898oaFs09f',encoding="utf-8")) hash.update(bytes('admin',encoding="utf-8")) print(hash.hexdigest())
5.8、requests
可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
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![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs) requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs) requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.head(url, **kwargs) requests.delete(url, **kwargs) requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.options(url, **kwargs) # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
http请求和XML实例
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #import urllib import requests from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 """ f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508') result = f.read().decode('utf-8') """ # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 r = requests.get('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508') result = r.text # 解析XML格式内容 node = ET.XML(result) print(node,type(node),node.text) # 获取内容 if node.text == "Y": print("在线") else: print("离线")
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # import urllib import requests from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 """ f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=') result = f.read().decode('utf-8') """ # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 r = requests.get('http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=K234&UserID=') result = r.text # 解析XML格式内容 root = ET.XML(result) for node in root.iter('TrainDetailInfo'): # print(node.tag,node.attrib) print(node.find('TrainStation').text,node.find('StartTime').text) # print(node.find('TrainStation').text,node.find('StartTime').text,node.tag,node.attrib)
注:web service测试接口
5.9、random
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
import random print(random.random()) print(random.randint(1, 2)) print(random.randrange(1, 10)) import random checkcode = '' for i in range(4): current = random.randrange(0,4) if current != i: temp = chr(random.randint(65,90)) else: temp = random.randint(0,9) checkcode += str(temp) print checkcode
5.10、
5.11、re
5.12、xml
XML :一种程序间交互数据的方式,json 兴起前非常常见
一切事物皆对象
常用方法:
tag
attrib
find
set
itter
get
append
clear
XML文件格式如下:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
<data> <country name="Liechtenstein"> <rank updated="yes">2</rank> <year>2023</year> <gdppc>141100</gdppc> <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" /> <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" /> </country> <country name="Singapore"> <rank updated="yes">5</rank> <year>2026</year> <gdppc>59900</gdppc> <neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" /> </country> <country name="Panama"> <rank updated="yes">69</rank> <year>2026</year> <gdppc>13600</gdppc> <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" /> <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" /> </country> </data>
5.12.1、解析XML
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
###字符串解析成xml from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 打开文件,读取XML内容 str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) 利用ElementTree.XML将字符串解析成xml对象 ##parse方法直接解析成文件 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() 利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象
5.12.2、操作XML
XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点,对于每一个节点均有以下功能,以便对当前节点进行操作:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
class Element: """An XML element. This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface. An element's length is its number of subelements. That means if you want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH its length AND its text attribute. The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either bytes or strings. *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as keyword arguments. Example form: <tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail """ 当前节点的标签名 tag = None """The element's name.""" 当前节点的属性 attrib = None """Dictionary of the element's attributes.""" 当前节点的内容 text = None """ Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either None or the empty string, depending on the parser. """ tail = None """ Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string, depending on the parser. """ def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra): if not isinstance(attrib, dict): raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % ( attrib.__class__.__name__,)) attrib = attrib.copy() attrib.update(extra) self.tag = tag self.attrib = attrib self._children = [] def __repr__(self): return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self)) def makeelement(self, tag, attrib): 创建一个新节点 """Create a new element with the same type. *tag* is a string containing the element name. *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes. Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead. """ return self.__class__(tag, attrib) def copy(self): """Return copy of current element. This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the original tree. """ elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib) elem.text = self.text elem.tail = self.tail elem[:] = self return elem def __len__(self): return len(self._children) def __bool__(self): warnings.warn( "The behavior of this method will change in future versions. " "Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now def __getitem__(self, index): return self._children[index] def __setitem__(self, index, element): # if isinstance(index, slice): # for elt in element: # assert iselement(elt) # else: # assert iselement(element) self._children[index] = element def __delitem__(self, index): del self._children[index] def append(self, subelement): 为当前节点追加一个子节点 """Add *subelement* to the end of this element. The new element will appear in document order after the last existing subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement), but before the end tag for this element. """ self._assert_is_element(subelement) self._children.append(subelement) def extend(self, elements): 为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点 """Append subelements from a sequence. *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements. """ for element in elements: self._assert_is_element(element) self._children.extend(elements) def insert(self, index, subelement): 在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点,即:为当前节点创建子节点,然后插入指定位置 """Insert *subelement* at position *index*.""" self._assert_is_element(subelement) self._children.insert(index, subelement) def _assert_is_element(self, e): # Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the # shadowing C implementation. if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py): raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__) def remove(self, subelement): 在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点 """Remove matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update the parent element. ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found. """ # assert iselement(element) self._children.remove(subelement) def getchildren(self): 获取所有的子节点(废弃) """(Deprecated) Return all subelements. Elements are returned in document order. """ warnings.warn( "This method will be removed in future versions. " "Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return self._children def find(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取第一个寻找到的子节点 """Find first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found. """ return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces) def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None): 获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容 """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *default* is the value to return if the element was not found, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return text content of first matching element, or default value if none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text content, the empty string is returned. """ return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces) def findall(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取所有的子节点 """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Returns list containing all matching elements in document order. """ return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces) def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取所有指定的节点,并创建一个迭代器(可以被for循环) """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order. """ return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces) def clear(self): 清空节点 """Reset element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets the text and tail attributes to None. """ self.attrib.clear() self._children = [] self.text = self.tail = None def get(self, key, default=None): 获取当前节点的属性值 """Get element attribute. Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found. Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if attribute was not found. """ return self.attrib.get(key, default) def set(self, key, value): 为当前节点设置属性值 """Set element attribute. Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and *value* is the attribute value to set it to. """ self.attrib[key] = value def keys(self): 获取当前节点的所有属性的 key """Get list of attribute names. Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys() """ return self.attrib.keys() def items(self): 获取当前节点的所有属性值,每个属性都是一个键值对 """Get element attributes as a sequence. The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to attrib.items(). Return a list of (name, value) tuples. """ return self.attrib.items() def iter(self, tag=None): 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点,并返回一个迭代器(可以被for循环)。 """Create tree iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document order, returning all elements with a matching tag. If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed elements may or may not be included. To get a stable set, use the list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list. *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements) Return an iterator containing all the matching elements. """ if tag == "*": tag = None if tag is None or self.tag == tag: yield self for e in self._children: yield from e.iter(tag) # compatibility def getiterator(self, tag=None): # Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4 warnings.warn( "This method will be removed in future versions. " "Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.", PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return list(self.iter(tag)) def itertext(self): 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容,并返回一个迭代器(可以被for循环)。 """Create text iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document order, returning all inner text. """ tag = self.tag if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None: return if self.text: yield self.text for e in self: yield from e.itertext() if e.tail: yield e.tail
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ """ # 打开文件,读取XML内容 str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) """ ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历XML文档的第二层 for child in root: # 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性 print(child.tag, child.attrib) # 遍历XML文档的第三层 for i in child: # 第二层节点的标签名称和内容 print(i.tag,i.text) b、遍历XML中指定的节点 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ """ # 打开文件,读取XML内容 str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) """ ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历XML中所有的year节点 for node in root.iter('year'): # 节点的标签名称和内容 print(node.tag, node.text) c、修改节点内容 由于修改的节点时,均是在内存中进行,其不会影响文件中的内容。所以,如果想要修改,则需要重新将内存中的内容写到文件。 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ # 打开文件,读取XML内容 str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点 for node in root.iter('year'): # 将year节点中的内容自增一 new_year = int(node.text) + 1 node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性 node.set('name', 'alex') node.set('age', '18') # 删除属性 del node.attrib['name'] ############ 保存文件 ############ tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8') 解析字符串方式,修改,保存 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点 for node in root.iter('year'): # 将year节点中的内容自增一 new_year = int(node.text) + 1 node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性 node.set('name', 'alex') node.set('age', '18') # 删除属性 del node.attrib['name'] ############ 保存文件 ############ tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8') 解析文件方式,修改,保存 d、删除节点 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############ # 打开文件,读取XML内容 str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点 for country in root.findall('country'): # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容 rank = int(country.find('rank').text) if rank > 50: # 删除指定country节点 root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############ tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8') 解析字符串方式打开,删除,保存 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析文件方式 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点 for country in root.findall('country'): # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容 rank = int(country.find('rank').text) if rank > 50: # 删除指定country节点 root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############ tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8') 解析文件方式打开,删除,保存
5.12.3、创建XML文档
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
## 方式一 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子 son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'}) # 创建小儿子 son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子 grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'}) grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1) son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中 root.append(son1) root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False) ###创建方式2 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子 # son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'}) son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'}) # 创建小儿子 # son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'}) son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子 # grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'}) grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'}) # grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1) son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中 root.append(son1) root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False) ###创建方式3 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子 son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'}) # 创建小儿子 son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"}) # 在大儿子中创建一个孙子 grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'}) grandson1.text = '孙子' et = ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象 et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)
原生XML无缩进,如需要缩进,需修改保持方式
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET from xml.dom import minidom def prettify(elem): """将节点转换成字符串,并添加缩进。 """ rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8') reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string) return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t") # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子 # son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'}) son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'}) # 创建小儿子 # son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'}) son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子 # grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'}) grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'}) # grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1) son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中 root.append(son1) root.append(son1) raw_str = prettify(root) f = open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8') f.write(raw_str) f.close()
5.12.4、命名空间
详细介绍:请点击此处
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ET.register_namespace('com',"http://www.company.com") #some name # build a tree structure root = ET.Element("{http://www.company.com}STUFF") body = ET.SubElement(root, "{http://www.company.com}MORE_STUFF", attrib={"{http://www.company.com}hhh": "123"}) body.text = "STUFF EVERYWHERE!" # wrap it in an ElementTree instance, and save as XML tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write("page.xml", xml_declaration=True, encoding='utf-8', method="xml") 命名空间
5.13、logging
记录程序报错 特点:方便、安全
单文件日志
import logging logging.basicConfig(filename='log.log', format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s', datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p', level=10) logging.debug('debug') logging.info('info') logging.warning('warning') logging.error('error') logging.critical('critical') logging.log(10,'log')
日志登记:
CRITICAL = 50 FATAL = CRITICAL ERROR = 40 WARNING = 30 WARN = WARNING INFO = 20 DEBUG = 10 NOTSET = 0
注意:只有 当前写等级 大于 日志登记 时,日志文件才被记录
多文件日志:
果想要设置多个日志文件,logging.basicConfig将无法完成,需要自定义文件和日志操作对象
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# 定义文件 file_1_1 = logging.FileHandler('l1_1.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8') fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s") file_1_1.setFormatter(fmt) file_1_2 = logging.FileHandler('l1_2.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8') fmt = logging.Formatter() file_1_2.setFormatter(fmt) # 定义日志 logger1 = logging.Logger('s1', level=logging.ERROR) logger1.addHandler(file_1_1) logger1.addHandler(file_1_2) # 写日志 logger1.critical('1111') #####log 2 # 定义文件 file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler('l2_1.log', 'a') fmt = logging.Formatter() file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt) # 定义日志 logger2 = logging.Logger('s2', level=logging.INFO) logger2.addHandler(file_2_1)
- 当使用【logger1】写日志时,会将相应的内容写入 l1_1.log 和 l1_2.log 文件中
- 当使用【logger2】写日志时,会将相应的内容写入 l2_1.log 文件中
5.14、shutil: 高级得对文件、文件夹、压缩包处理的模块
eg: shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc,fdst[,length]) 将文件内容copy到另一个文件中
zipfile.zipfile('laxi,zip','w') 压缩
zipfile.zipfie('spiders.zip','r') 解压
5.15 subpross 专用于python执行系统命令
subprocess.call('ipconfig')
5.16、paramiko
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实
安装
pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto
pip3 install pycrypto
pip3 install paramiko
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
####执行命令-用户名+密码 #!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import paramiko ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) ssh.connect('192.168.1.108', 22, 'alex', '123') stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') print stdout.read() ssh.close(); ######执行命令--密钥 import paramiko private_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path) ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) ssh.connect('主机名 ', 端口, '用户名', key) stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') print stdout.read() ssh.close() ####上传下载文件 import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.put('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test.py') t.close() import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.get('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test2.py') t.close() #####上传下载密钥 import paramiko pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.put('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test3.py') t.close() import paramiko pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.get('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test4.py') t.close()
end
6、配置文件
configparser 来处理
常用方法: read sections items options
注意:默认都是字符串,不要加“”或‘’
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global log 127.0.0.1 local2 daemon maxconn 256 log 127.0.0.1 local2 info defaults log global mode http timeout connect 5000ms timeout client 50000ms timeout server 50000ms option dontlognull listen stats :8888 stats enable stats uri /admin stats auth admin:1234 frontend oldboy.org bind 0.0.0.0:80 option httplog option httpclose option forwardfor log global acl www hdr_reg(host) -i www.oldboy.org use_backend www.oldboy.org if www backend www.oldboy.org server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000 backend buy.oldboy.org server 100.1.7.90 100.1.7.90 weight 20 maxconn 3000
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- def fetch(backend): result = [] with open('ha.conf', 'r') as f: flag = False for line in f: if line.strip().startswith('backend') and line.strip() == "backend " + backend: flag = True continue if flag and line.strip().startswith('backend'): break if flag and line.strip(): result.append(line.strip()) return result def add(backend, record): result = fetch(backend) if not result: # 无backend,无record pass else: # 有backend if record in result: # 记录record pass else: result.append(record) with open('ha.conf', 'r') as old, open('new.conf', 'w') as new: continue_flag = False for line in old: if line.strip().startswith('backend') and line.strip() == "backend " + backend: continue_flag = True new.write(line) for temp in result: new.write(" "*8 + temp + "\n") continue if continue_flag and line.strip().startswith('backend'): continue_flag = False if continue_flag: pass else: new.write(line) def add2(backend, record): with open('ha.conf', 'r') as old, open('new.conf', 'w') as new: in_backend = False has_backend = False has_record = False for line in old: if line.strip().startswith('backend') and line.strip() == "backend " + backend: has_backend = True in_backend = True new.write(line) continue if in_backend and line.strip().startswith('backend'): if not has_record: new.write(" "*8 + record + '\n') new.write(line) in_backend = False continue if in_backend and line.strip() == record: has_record = True new.write(line) continue if line.strip(): new.write(line) if not has_backend: # 写backend,写record new.write('backend '+ backend + '\n') new.write(' '*8 + record + '\n') # ret = fetch("www.oldboy.org") # print(ret) # add('www.oldboy.org', "server 100.1.7.10 100.1.7.10 weight 20 maxconn 3000") # add2('www.oldboy.org', "server 100.1.7.11 100.1.7.11 weight 20 maxconn 3000")
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输出: 1、获取ha记录 2、增加ha记录 3、删除ha记录 num = raw_input('请输入操作序号:') 如果用户输入的 1: read = raw_input('请输入backend:') 如输入:www.oldboy.org 讲配置文件 backend www.oldboy.org 节点下的所有记录获取到,并输入到终端 如果用户输入的 2: read = raw_input('请输入要新加的记录:') 如: {"backend": "test.oldboy.org","record":{"server": "100.1.7.9","weight": 20,"maxconn": 30}} # 讲read字符串转换成 字典类型 read_dict = json.loads(read) backend_title = read_dict['backend'] # 去配置文件中找到指定的节点: # backend test.oldboy.org # 如果已经存在, # 则在此节点下添加根据用输入构造出的记录,例如: server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000 # 如果不存在, # 则添加backend节点和记录,例如: backend test.oldboy.org server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000 # (可选)可以再对节点下记录进行判断是否已经存在 如果用户输入的 3: read = raw_input('请输入要删除的记录:') 如: {"backend": "test.oldboy.org","record":{"server": "100.1.7.9","weight": 20,"maxconn": 30}} # 讲read字符串转换成 字典类型 read_dict = json.loads(read) backend_title = read_dict['backend'] #去配置文件中找到指定的节点,并在删除指定记录,如: backend test.oldboy.org server 100.1.7.10 100.1.7.10 weight 20 maxconn 3000 server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000 # 删除掉 # (可选)如果backend下所有的记录都已经被删除,那么将当前 backend test.oldboy.org 也删除掉。
7、生成器迭代器
迭代器是访问集合元素的一种方式。迭代器对象从集合的第一个元素开始访问,直到所有的元素被访问完结束。迭代器只能往前不会后退,不过这也没什么,因为人们很少在迭代途中往后退。另外,迭代器的一大优点是不要求事先准备好整个迭代过程中所有的元素。迭代器仅仅在迭代到某个元素时才计算该元素,而在这之前或之后,元素可以不存在或者被销毁。这个特点使得它特别适合用于遍历一些巨大的或是无限的集合,比如几个G的文件
特点:
- 访问者不需要关心迭代器内部的结构,仅需通过next()方法不断去取下一个内容
- 不能随机访问集合中的某个值 ,只能从头到尾依次访问
- 访问到一半时不能往回退
- 便于循环比较大的数据集合,节省内存
2、生成器
一个函数调用时返回一个迭代器,那这个函数就叫做生成器(generator);如果函数中包含yield语法,那这个函数就会变成生成器;
def
func():
yield
1
yield
2
yield
3
yield
4