理解以太坊的contract

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-20 15:05:48 发布

weixin_34149796

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-20 15:05:48 发布

阅读量376

点赞数

文章标签：区块链 python 数据库

原文链接：https://my.oschina.net/swingcoder/blog/759473

版权

2019独角兽企业重金招聘Python工程师标准>>>

What is a contract?

A contract is a collection of code (its functions) and data (its state) that resides at a specific address on the Ethereum blockchain.

Contracts live on the blockchain in a Ethereum-specific binary format called Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) bytecode.

Contracts are typically written in some high level language such as Solidity and then compiled into bytecode to be uploaded on the blockchain.

Contracts generally serve four purposes:

Maintain a data store representing something which is useful to either other contracts or to the outside world; one example of this is a contract that simulates a currency, and another is a contract that records membership in a particular organization.
Serve as a sort of externally-owned account with a more complicated access policy; this is called a “forwarding contract” and typically involves simply resending incoming messages to some desired destination only if certain conditions are met; for example, one can have a forwarding contract that waits until two out of a given three private keys have confirmed a particular message before resending it (ie. multisig). More complex forwarding contracts have different conditions based on the nature of the message sent. The simplest use case for this functionality is a withdrawal limit that is overrideable via some more complicated access procedure. A wallet contract is a good example of this.
Manage an ongoing contract or relationship between multiple users. Examples of this include a financial contract, an escrow with some particular set of mediators, or some kind of insurance. One can also have an open contract that one party leaves open for any other party to engage with at any time; one example of this is a contract that automatically pays a bounty to whoever submits a valid solution to some mathematical problem, or proves that it is providing some computational resource.
Provide functions to other contracts, essentially serving as a software library.

一个例子：

Alice and Bob are betting 100 GavCoin that the temperature in San Francisco will not exceed 35ºC at any point in the next year.

When Bob wants to finalize the bet, the following steps happen:

A transaction is sent, triggering a message from Bob’s EOA to his forwarding contract.
Bob’s forwarding contract sends the hash of the message and the Lamport signature to a contract which functions as a Lamport signature verification library.
The Lamport signature verification library sees that Bob wants a SHA256-based Lamport sig, so it calls the SHA256 library many times as needed to verify the signature.
Once the Lamport signature verification library returns 1, signifying that the signature has been verified, it sends a message to the contract representing the bet.
The bet contract checks the contract providing the San Francisco temperature to see what the temperature is.
The bet contract sees that the response to the messages shows that the temperature is above 35ºC, so it sends a message to the GavCoin contract to move the GavCoin from its account to Bob’s forwarding contract.

Note that the GavCoin is all “stored” as entries in the GavCoin contract’s database; the word “account” in the context of step 6 simply means that there is a data entry in the GavCoin contract storage with a key for the bet contract’s address and a value for its balance. After receiving this message, the GavCoin contract decreases this value by some amount and increases the value in the entry corresponding to Bob’s forwarding contract’s address. We can see these steps in the following diagram:

Dapp development resources lists the integrated development environments, developer tools that help you develop in these languages, offering testing, and deployment support among other features.

Solidity

Solidity is a language similar to JavaScript which allows you to develop contracts and compile to EVM bytecode. It is currently the flagship language of Ethereum and the most popular.