什么是“异步调用”?
“异步调用”对应的是“同步调用”,同步调用指程序按照定义顺序依次执行,每一行程序都必须等待上一行程序执行完成之后才能执行;异步调用指程序在顺序执行时,不等待异步调用的语句返回结果就执行后面的程序。
同步调用
下面通过一个简单示例来直观的理解什么是同步调用:
定义Task类,创建三个处理函数分别模拟三个执行任务的操作,操作消耗时间随机取(10秒内)
packagecom.dxz.demo1;importjava.util.Random;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Component;importorg.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;/*** 定义3个任务*/@Componentpublic classTask1 {//定义一个随机对象.
public static Random random = newRandom();//任务一;
public void doTaskOne() throwsException {
System.out.println("开始做任务一");long start =System.currentTimeMillis();
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000));long end =System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("完成任务一,耗时:" + (end - start) + "毫秒");
}//任务二;
public void doTaskTwo() throwsException {
System.out.println("开始做任务二");long start =System.currentTimeMillis();
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000));long end =System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("完成任务二,耗时:" + (end - start) + "毫秒");
}//任务3;
public void doTaskThree() throwsException {
System.out.println("开始做任务三");long start =System.currentTimeMillis();
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000));long end =System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("完成任务三,耗时:" + (end - start) + "毫秒");
}
}
编写一个访问方法:
packagecom.dxz.demo1;importorg.junit.Test;importorg.junit.runner.RunWith;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration;importorg.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;importcom.dxz.HelloApplication;
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes= HelloApplication.class)public classTask1Test {
@AutowiredprivateTask1 task1;//测试task1.
@Testpublic void task1() throwsException{
task1.doTaskOne();
task1.doTaskTwo();
task1.doTaskThree();
}
}
运行可以看到类似如下输出:
开始做任务一2017-04-28 18:02:57.397 WARN 11016 --- [cTaskExecutor-1] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Consumer raised exception, processing can restart ifthe connection factory supports it. Exception summary: org.springframework.amqp.AmqpConnectException: java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect2017-04-28 18:02:57.398 INFO 11016 --- [cTaskExecutor-1] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Restarting Consumer: tags=[{}], channel=null, acknowledgeMode=AUTO local queue size=0完成任务一,耗时:7740毫秒
开始做任务二
完成任务二,耗时:723毫秒
开始做任务三2017-04-28 18:03:03.415 WARN 11016 --- [cTaskExecutor-2] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Consumer raised exception, processing can restart ifthe connection factory supports it. Exception summary: org.springframework.amqp.AmqpConnectException: java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect2017-04-28 18:03:03.415 INFO 11016 --- [cTaskExecutor-2] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Restarting Consumer: tags=[{}], channel=null, acknowledgeMode=AUTO local queue size=0完成任务三,耗时:5047毫秒
异步调用
上述的同步调用虽然顺利的执行完了三个任务,但是可以看到执行时间比较长,若这三个任务本身之间不存在依赖关系,可以并发执行的话,同步调用在执行效率方面就比较差,可以考虑通过异步调用的方式来并发执行。
在Spring Boot中,我们只需要通过使用@Async注解就能简单的将原来的同步函数变为异步函数,Task类改在为如下模式:
packagecom.dxz.demo1;importjava.util.Random;importorg.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Component;importorg.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;/*** 定义3个任务*/@Componentpublic classTask2 {//定义一个随机对象.
public static Random random = newRandom();//任务一;
@Asyncpublic void doTaskOne() throwsException {
System.out.println("开始做任务一");long start =System.currentTimeMillis();
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000));long end =System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("完成任务一,耗时:" + (end - start) + "毫秒");
}//任务二;
@Asyncpublic void doTaskTwo() throwsException {
System.out.println("开始做任务二");long start =System.currentTimeMillis();
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000));long end =System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("完成任务二,耗时:" + (end - start) + "毫秒");
}//任务3;
@Asyncpublic void doTaskThree() throwsException {
System.out.println("开始做任务三");long start =System.currentTimeMillis();
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000));long end =System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("完成任务三,耗时:" + (end - start) + "毫秒");
}
}
为了让@Async注解能够生效,还需要在Spring Boot的主程序中配置@EnableAsync,如下所示:
packagecom.dxz;importorg.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;importorg.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;importorg.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableAsync;
@EnableAsync
@SpringBootApplicationpublic classHelloApplication {public static voidmain(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(HelloApplication.class, args);
}
}
编写测试方法:
packagecom.dxz.demo1;importorg.junit.Test;importorg.junit.runner.RunWith;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration;importorg.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;importorg.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;importcom.dxz.HelloApplication;
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes= HelloApplication.class)public classTask2Test {
@AutowiredprivateTask2 task2;//测试task1.
@Testpublic void task1() throwsException{
task2.doTaskOne();
task2.doTaskTwo();
task2.doTaskThree();
}
}
此时可以反复执行单元测试,您可能会遇到各种不同的结果,比如:
开始做任务一
开始做任务二
开始做任务三
修改下测试类:
packagecom.dxz.demo1;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;importorg.junit.Test;importorg.junit.runner.RunWith;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration;importorg.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;importorg.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;importcom.dxz.HelloApplication;
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes= HelloApplication.class)public classTask2Test {
@AutowiredprivateTask2 task2;//测试task1.
@Testpublic void task1() throwsException {
task2.doTaskOne();
task2.doTaskTwo();
task2.doTaskThree();
System.out.println("i'm here");
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(15);
System.out.println("over");
}
}
jieguo:
i'm here
开始做任务二
开始做任务一
开始做任务三
完成任务三,耗时:1280毫秒
2017-04-28 18:25:36.936 WARN 17848 --- [cTaskExecutor-1] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Consumer raised exception, processing can restart if the connection factory supports it. Exception summary: org.springframework.amqp.AmqpConnectException: java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect
2017-04-28 18:25:36.938 INFO 17848 --- [cTaskExecutor-1] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Restarting Consumer: tags=[{}], channel=null, acknowledgeMode=AUTO local queue size=0
完成任务一,耗时:4951毫秒
完成任务二,耗时:7451毫秒
2017-04-28 18:25:42.971 WARN 17848 --- [cTaskExecutor-2] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Consumer raised exception, processing can restart if the connection factory supports it. Exception summary: org.springframework.amqp.AmqpConnectException: java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect
2017-04-28 18:25:42.972 INFO 17848 --- [cTaskExecutor-2] o.s.a.r.l.SimpleMessageListenerContainer : Restarting Consumer: tags=[{}], channel=null, acknowledgeMode=AUTO local queue size=0
over