TCP/IP - 常见协议的头结构

                          图1  每层的数据由头部分和负载部分组成

 

                     图2  TCP/IP中将HTML数据最后封装在以太网帧中传送

 

                                  图3  IP数据包结构

struct iphdr { //IP层头部
#if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)
    __u8    ihl:4,
        version:4;
#elif defined (__BIG_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)
    __u8    version:4,
          ihl:4;
#else
#error    "Please fix <asm/byteorder.h>"
#endif
    __u8    tos;
    __u16    tot_len;
    __u16    id;
    __u16    frag_off;
    __u8    ttl;
    __u8    protocol;
    __u16    check;
    __u32    saddr;
    __u32    daddr;
    /*The options start here. */
};

Fragmentation一个实例截图：

从以上两图可知，并没有用一个ip数据报并对它进行分片传送，而是用了两个ip数据报，为什么？

IP Fragmentation 参考资料：http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/generic-routing-encapsulation-gre/25885-pmtud-ipfrag.html

根据此资料，ip分片是会带来很多问题的， 需要避免ip数据报进行分片传输！

 

那么ip数据报的大小是怎么确定好然后就不需要分片了的呢？

以上参考资料上的说明如下：

The TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) defines the maximum amount of data that a host is willing to accept in a single TCP/IP datagram. This TCP/IP datagram might be fragmented at the IP layer. The MSS value is sent as a TCP header option only in TCP SYN segments. Each side of a TCP connection reports its MSS value to the other side. Contrary to popular belief, the MSS value is not negotiated between hosts. The sending host is required to limit the size of data in a single TCP segment to a value less than or equal to the MSS reported by the receiving host.

Originally, MSS meant how big a buffer (greater than or equal to 65496K) was allocated on a receiving station to be able to store the TCP data contained within a single IP datagram. MSS was the maximum segment (chunk) of data that the TCP receiver was willing to accept. This TCP segment could be as large as 64K (the maximum IP datagram size) and it could be fragmented at the IP layer in order to be transmitted across the network to the receiving host. The receiving host would reassemble the IP datagram before it handed the complete TCP segment to the TCP layer.

实例图如下：

 

                                    图4  TCP包结构

struct tcphdr { //TCP协议头部
    __u16    source;
    __u16    dest;
    __u32    seq;
    __u32    ack_seq;
#if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)
    __u16    res1:4,
        doff:4,
        fin:1,
        syn:1,
        rst:1,
        psh:1,
        ack:1,
        urg:1,
        ece:1,
        cwr:1;
#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)
    __u16    doff:4,
        res1:4,
        cwr:1,
        ece:1,
        urg:1,
        ack:1,
        psh:1,
        rst:1,
        syn:1,
        fin:1;
#else
#error    "Adjust your <asm/byteorder.h> defines"
#endif    
    __u16    window;
    __u16    check;
    __u16    urg_ptr;
};

 

 

                                   图5  UDP包结构

struct udphdr { //UDP协议头部
    __u16    source;
    __u16    dest;
    __u16    len;
    __u16    check;
};

 

 

/*
 *    以太网帧头结构 This is an Ethernet frame header.
 */
 
struct ethhdr 
{
    unsigned char    h_dest[ETH_ALEN];    /* destination eth addr    */
    unsigned char    h_source[ETH_ALEN];    /* source ether addr    */
    unsigned short    h_proto;        /* packet type ID field    */
};

 

struct arphdr {
  unsigned short    ar_hrd;        /* format of hardware address    */
  unsigned short    ar_pro;        /* format of protocol address    */
  unsigned char        ar_hln;        /* length of hardware address    */
  unsigned char        ar_pln;        /* length of protocol address    */
  unsigned short    ar_op;        /* ARP opcode (command)        */

  /* The rest is variable in size, according to the sizes above. */
#if 0
  unsigned char        ar_sha[];    /* sender hardware address    */
  unsigned char        ar_spa[];    /* sender protocol address    */
  unsigned char        ar_tha[];    /* target hardware address    */
  unsigned char        ar_tpa[];    /* target protocol address    */
#endif    /* not actually included! */
};

 

 

struct icmphdr { //ICMP头结构
  __u8        type;
  __u8        code;
  __u16        checksum;
  union {
    struct {
        __u16    id;
        __u16    sequence;
    } echo;
    __u32    gateway;
    struct {
        __u16    __unused;
        __u16    mtu;
    } frag;
  } un;
};

 

 

struct igmphdr //IGMP头结构
{
    __u8 type;
    __u8 code;        /* For newer IGMP */
    __u16 csum;
    __u32 group;
};