python中的dir()和__dict__

python中查询对象的属性可以用dir()和__dict__，区别在于：

dir()是python提供的API函数，利用对象的继承关系来查询该对象的所有有效属性，查询顺序为从对象本身向上级查询，下级的属性查询不到。

__dict__本身作为对象的一种属性，查询范围区别于dir()利用继承关系查询，__dict__仅限于对象本身属性。但是并不是所有对象都有__dict__属性：

a>如果类的属性中有__slots__属性（关于__slots__属性，本文不作详解），则该类的实例没有__dict__属性；

b>pythopn许多内建类型都没有__dict__属性，比如列表list

因此__dict__只有对有该属性的对象有效。

便于理解对比，上代码：

#python 2.7

class B(object):
    b = 'bbbbb'
class A(B):
    a = 'aaaaa'

A_instance = A()

print 'A.__dict__:'
print A.__dict__
print '-'*50

print 'A_instance.__dict__:'
print A_instance.__dict__
print '-'*50

print 'dir(A):'
print dir(A)
print '-'*50

print 'dir(A_instance):'
print dir(A_instance)
print '-'*50

A.c = 'ccccc'

print '给类A添加属性c后：'
print 'A.__dict__:'
print A.__dict__
print '-'*50

print 'A_instance.__dict__:'
print A_instance.__dict__
print '-'*50

print 'dir(A):'
print dir(A)
print '-'*50

print 'dir(A_instance):'
print dir(A_instance)
print '-'*50

A_instance.d = 'ddddd'

print '给类A实例A_instance添加属性d后：'
print 'A.__dict__:'
print A.__dict__
print '-'*50

print 'A_instance.__dict__:'
print A_instance.__dict__
print '-'*50

print 'dir(A):'
print dir(A)
print '-'*50

print 'dir(A_instance):'
print dir(A_instance)
print '-'*50

输出：

A.__dict__:
{'a': 'aaaaa', '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None}
--------------------------------------------------
A_instance.__dict__:
{}
--------------------------------------------------
dir(A):
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b']
--------------------------------------------------
dir(A_instance):
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b']
--------------------------------------------------
给类A添加属性c后：
A.__dict__:
{'a': 'aaaaa', 'c': 'ccccc', '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None}
--------------------------------------------------
A_instance.__dict__:
{}
--------------------------------------------------
dir(A):
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b', 'c']
--------------------------------------------------
dir(A_instance):
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b', 'c']
--------------------------------------------------
给类A实例A_instance添加属性d后：
A.__dict__:
{'a': 'aaaaa', 'c': 'ccccc', '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None}
--------------------------------------------------
A_instance.__dict__:
{'d': 'ddddd'}
--------------------------------------------------
dir(A):
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b', 'c']
--------------------------------------------------
dir(A_instance):
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
--------------------------------------------------

关于dir()、__dict__和__slots__的区别，也可以参考http://www.cnblogs.com/ifantastic/p/3768415.html?utm_source=tuicool，里面讲的很详细