R1#
R1#show run

!
hostname R1

no ip domain-lookup
!
call rsvp-sync

interface Loopback0
 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
!
interface Serial1/1
 description link to R2
 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
 clock rate 64000
!
interface Serial1/2
 description link to R4
 ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
 clock rate 64000
!

router rip                                     //宣告rip
 version 1                                    //版本1 广播255.255.255.255 方式传播路由信息
 network 1.0.0.0                         //宣告 loopback
 network 192.168.1.0                 //宣告
 network 192.168.3.0                 //宣告
!
ip classless
no ip http server

!
banner motd ^CThis is test network^C
!
line con 0
 exec-timeout 0 0
 logging synchronous
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
 no login
!
end
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       1.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:20, Serial1/1  //学来的路由信息
 R    4.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 192.168.3.1, 00:00:11, Serial1/2  //学来的
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
R    192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:20, Serial1/1
                    [120/1] via 192.168.3.1, 00:00:11, Serial1/2   //学来的
C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/2
 
R2#show run

service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
service password-encryption
!
hostname R2
!

no ip domain-lookup
!
call rsvp-sync


interface Loopback0
 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
!

interface Serial1/0
 description link to R1
 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!
interface Serial1/1
 no ip address
 shutdown
 serial restart-delay 0
!
interface Serial1/2
 description link to R4
 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!
router rip
 version 1
 network 2.0.0.0
 network 192.168.1.0
 network 192.168.2.0
!
ip classless
no ip http server

 shutdown
!
banner motd ^CThis is a test network^C
!
line con 0
 exec-timeout 0 0
 logging synchronous
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
 no login
!
end
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 192.168.1.1, 00:00:26, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.2 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    4.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/2
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/2
R    192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.1.1, 00:00:26, Serial1/0
                    [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/2
R4#show run


hostname R4
!

!
no ip domain-lookup
!

interface Loopback0
 ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
!

interface Serial1/1
 description link to R1
 ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!
interface Serial1/2
 description link to R2
 ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!

router rip
 version 1
 network 4.0.0.0
 network 192.168.2.0
 network 192.168.3.0
!
ip classless
no ip http server

banner motd ^CThis is test network^C
!
line con 0
 exec-timeout 0 0
 logging synchronous
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
 no login
!
end

R4#  show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:15, Serial1/1
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 192.168.2.1, 00:00:02, Serial1/2
     4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       4.4.4.4 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:15, Serial1/1
                    [120/1] via 192.168.2.1, 00:00:02, Serial1/2
C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/2
C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
R4# ping            //扩展ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: 192.168.1.2
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:
Extended commands [n]: y
Source address or interface: 4.4.4.4   
Type of service [0]:
Set DF bit in IP header? [no]:
Validate reply data? [no]:
Data pattern [0xABCD]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]: r
Number of hops [ 9 ]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[RV]:
Sweep range of sizes [n]:
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 4.4.4.4
Packet has IP options:  Total option bytes= 39, padded length=40
 Record route: <*>
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
Reply to request 0 (104 ms).  Received packet has options
 Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
 Record route:
   (192.168.2.2)   // 走的 s 1/2  顺时针走一圈
   (192.168.1.2) 
   (192.168.2.1)
   (4.4.4.4) <*>
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
 End of list
Reply to request 1 (104 ms).  Received packet has options
 Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
 Record route:
   (192.168.3.1)  // 走的s 1/1逆指针走了一圈
   (192.168.1.1)
   (192.168.1.2)
   (192.168.2.1)
   (4.4.4.4) <*>
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
 End of list
Reply to request 2 (80 ms).  Received packet has options
 Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
 Record route:
    (192.168.2.2)  // 顺
   (192.168.1.2)
   (192.168.2.1)
   (4.4.4.4) <*>
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
   (0.0.0.0)
 End of list
Reply to request 3 (152 ms).  Received packet has options
 Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
 Record route:
   (192.168.3.1)     // 逆
   (192.168.1.1)
   (192.168.1.2)
   (192.168.2.1)
   (4.4.4.4) <*>
 
 R4#
 
 
R1# debug ip rip
00:03:20: RIP: received v1 update from 192.168.3.1 on Serial1/2   // 在串口上接收路由信息
00:03:20:      2.0.0.0 in 2 hops
00:03:20:      4.0.0.0 in 1 hops
00:03:20:      192.168.2.0 in 1 hops
R1#
00:03:22: RIP: received v1 update from 192.168.1.2 on Serial1/1  //在串口上接收路由信息
00:03:22:      2.0.0.0 in 1 hops
00:03:22:      4.0.0.0 in 2 hops
00:03:22:      192.168.2.0 in 1 hops
R1#
00:03:27: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial1/1 (192.168.1.1) // 255.255.255.255 广播发送路由更新
00:03:27: RIP: build update entries
00:03:27:       network 1.0.0.0 metric 1
00:03:27:       network 4.0.0.0 metric 2
00:03:27:       network 192.168.3.0 metric 1
00:03:27: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial1/2 (192.168.3.2)
00:03:27: RIP: build update entries
00:03:27:       network 1.0.0.0 metric 1
00:03:27:       network 2.0.0.0 metric 2
00:03:27:       network 192.168.1.0 metric 1
00:03:27: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Loopback0 (1.1.1.1)
00:03:27: RIP: build update entries
00:03:27:       network 2.0.0.0 metric 2
00:03:27:       network 4.0.0.0 metric 2
00:03:27:       network 192.168.1.0 metric 1
00:03:27:       network 192.168.2.0 metric 2
00:03:27:       network 192.168.3.0 metric 1
 
R1#debug ip pack
IP packet debugging is on
R1#
00:07:57: IP: s=192.168.3.1 (Serial1/2), d=255.255.255.255, len 92, rcvd 2  // 接收路由信息
R1#
00:08:03: IP: s=192.168.1.2 (Serial1/1), d=255.255.255.255, len 92, rcvd 2  //接收路由信息
R1#
00:08:09: IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=255.255.255.255 (Serial1/1), len 92, sending broad/multicast
00:08:09: IP: s=192.168.3.2 (local), d=255.255.255.255 (Serial1/2), len 92, sending broad/multicast
00:08:09: IP: s=1.1.1.1 (local), d=255.255.255.255 (Loopback0), len 132, sending broad/multicast
00:08:09: IP: s=1.1.1.1 (Loopback0), d=255.255.255.255, len 132, unroutable
 
R1#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
  Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 27 seconds
  Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240  // 各种时间值
  Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
  Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
  Redistributing: rip
  Default version control: send version 1, receive version 1
    Interface             Send  Recv  Triggered RIP  Key-chain
    Serial1/1             1     1                                   
    Serial1/2             1     1                                   
    Loopback0             1     1                                   
  Automatic network summarization is in effect
  Maximum path: 4
  Routing for Networks:
    1.0.0.0
    192.168.1.0
    192.168.3.0
  Routing Information Sources:
    Gateway         Distance      Last Update
    192.168.3.1          120      00:00:06
    192.168.1.2          120      00:00:17
  Distance: (default is 120)
R1#show ip rip database
1.0.0.0/8    auto-summary    //有类路由协议 自动汇总
1.1.1.0/24    directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/8    auto-summary
2.0.0.0/8
    [1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:27, Serial1/1
4.0.0.0/8    auto-summary
4.0.0.0/8
    [1] via 192.168.3.1, 00:00:19, Serial1/2
192.168.1.0/24    auto-summary
192.168.1.0/24    directly connected, Serial1/1
192.168.2.0/24    auto-summary
192.168.2.0/24
    [1] via 192.168.3.1, 00:00:19, Serial1/2
    [1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:27, Serial1/1
192.168.3.0/24    auto-summary
192.168.3.0/24    directly connected, Serial1/2
 
以下为从互联网收集资料
 
RIP的度量是基于跳数（hops　count）的，每经过一台路由器，路径的跳数加一。如此一来，跳数越多，路径就越长，RIP算法会优先选择跳数少的路径。RIP支持的最大跳数是15，跳数为16的网络被认为不可达。
 
RIP中路由的更新是通过定时广播实现的。缺省情况下，路由器每隔30秒向与它相连的网络广播自己的路由表，接到广播的路由器将收到的信息添加至自身的路由表中。每个路由器都如此广播，最终网络上所有的路由器都会得知全部的路由信息。正常情况下，每30秒路由器就可以收到一次路由信息确认，如果经过180秒，即6个更新周期，一个路由项都没有得到确认，路由器就认为它已失效了。如果经过240秒，即8个更新周期，路由项仍没有得到确认，它就被从路由表中删除。上面的30秒，180秒和240秒的延时都是由计时器控制的，它们分别是更新计时器（Update　Timer）、无效计时器（Invalid　Timer）和刷新计时器（Flush　Timer）。
       水平分割（split　horizon）。水平分割保证路由器记住每一条路由信息的来源，并且不在收到这条信息的端口上再次发送它。这是保证不产生路由循环的最基本措施。　

　　 毒性逆转（poison　reverse）。当一条路径信息变为无效之后，路由器并不立即将它从路由表中删除，而是用16，即不可达的度量值将它广播出去。这样虽然增加了路由表的大小，但对消除路由循环很有帮助，它可以立即清除相邻路由器之间的任何环路。　

　　 触发更新（trigger　update）。当路由表发生变化时，更新报文立即广播给相邻的所有路由器，而不是等待30秒的更新周期。同样，当一个路由器刚启动RIP时，它广播请求报文。收到此广播的相邻路由器立即应答一个更新报文，而不必等到下一个更新周期。这样，网络拓扑的变化会最快地在网络上传播开，减少了路由循环产生的可能性。　

　　 抑制计时（holddown　timer）。一条路由信息无效之后，一段时间内这条路由都处于抑制状态，即在一定时间内不再接收关于同一目的地址的路由更新。如果，路由器从一个网段上得知一条路径失效，然后，立即在另一个网段上得知这个路由有效。这个有效的信息往往是不正确的，抑制计时避免了这个问题，而且，当一条链路频繁起停时，抑制计时减少了路由的浮动，增加了网络的稳定性。　

　　即便采用了上面的4种方法，路由循环的问题也不能完全解决，只是得到了最大程度的减少。一旦路由循环真的出现，路由项的度量值就会出现计数到无穷大（Count　to　Infinity）的情况。这是因为路由信息被循环传递，每传过一个路由器，度量值就加1，一直加到16，路径就成为不可达的了。RIP选择16作为不可达的度量值是很巧妙的，它既足够的大，保证了多数网络能够正常运行，又足够小，使得计数到无穷大所花费的时间最短。　

　　 邻居　

　　有些网络是NBMA（Non-Broadcast　MultiAccess，非广播多路访问）的，即网络上不允许广播传送数据。对于这种网络，RIP就不能依赖广播传递路由表了。解决方法有很多，最简单的是指定邻居（neighbor），即指定将路由表发送给某一台特定的路由器。　

　　RIP的缺陷　

　　RIP虽然简单易行，并且久经考验，但是也存在着一些很重要的 缺陷，主要有以下几点：　

　　过于简单，以跳数为依据计算度量值，经常得出非最优路由；　
　　度量值以16为限，不适合大的网络；　
　　安全性差，接受来自任何设备的路由更新；　
　　不支持无类IP地址和VLSM（Variable　Length　Subnet　Mask，变长子网掩码）；　
　　收敛缓慢，时间经常大于5分钟；　
　　消耗带宽很大。