1. 背景
* 视图是数据库中的虚拟表。包含一系列带有名称的行和列数据。视图是从一个或者多个表中导出的,视图的行为与表非常相似,用户可以使用SELECT语句查询数据,以及使用INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE修改记录,视图使用户操作更加方便而且保障数据库系统的安全。
* 视图一旦定义便存储在数据库中,与其对应的数据并没有像表那样在数据库中再存储一份,通过视图看到的数据只是存放在基本表中的数据。对视图的操作与对表的操作一样,可以对其进行查询、修改和删除。当对通过视图看到的数据进行修改时,相应的基本表的数据也要发生变化,同时若基本表的数据放生变化,则这种变化也会自动地反应到视图中。
2. 视图作用
* 使查询变得很清晰,视图中存放的数据就是我们所要的数据,并且可以简化用户操作。
* 让数据更安全,视图中的数据,不存在视图中,还是在基本表里面,通过视图这层关系,我们可以有效的保护我们的重要数据
* 提高表的逻辑独立性,视图可以屏蔽原有表结构变化带来的影响
3. 视图类型
* MERGE: 将引用视图的语句的文本与视图定义合并起来,使得视图定义的某一部分取代语句的对应部分。
* TEMPTABLE: 将视图的结果将被置于临时表中,然后使用它执行语句。
* UNDEFINED:默认所使用的算法。MySQL更倾向于MERGE而不是TEMPTABLE,这是因为MERGE通常更有效。
4. 视图类型例子
* 创建基表users
mysql> CREATE TABLE users(
-> id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
-> sex ENUM('M', 'F') NOT NULL,
-> age INT NOT NULL
-> )ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=utf8mb4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
* 对基表 users 插入数据
mysql> INSERT INTO users VALUES(NULL, 'tom', 'M', 23), (NULL, 'jak', 'F', 32), (NULL, 'jus', 'M', 35);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
* 查看基表数据
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
+----+------+-----+-----+
| id | name | sex | age |
+----+------+-----+-----+
| 1 | tom | M | 23 |
| 2 | jak | F | 32 |
| 3 | jus | M | 35 |
+----+------+-----+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
* 创建用户id和name vusers1视图,类型为UNDEFINED
mysql> CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED VIEW vusers1 AS SELECT id, name FROM users;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
* 分析查看 vusers1 视图执行计划
[ 未使用临时表 ]
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM vusers1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | users | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
* 创建用户id和name vusers2视图,类型为merge
mysql> CREATE ALGORITHM=MERGE VIEW vuser2 AS SELECT id, name FROM users;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
* 分析查看 vusers2 视力执行计划
[ 未使用临时表 ]
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM vuser2; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | users | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
* 创建用户id和name vusers3视图,类型为TEMPTABLE
mysql> CREATE ALGORITHM=TEMPTABLE VIEW vuser3 AS SELECT id, name FROM users;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
* 分析查看 vusers3 视力执行计划
[ 使用了临时表 ]
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM vuser3;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | users | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
5. 查看视图信息
* desc 查看视图基本信息
mysql> desc vusers1; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | bigint(20) | NO | | 0 | | | name | varchar(64) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
* show table status 查看视图基本信息
mysql> show table status like 'vusers1';
+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Name | Engine | Version | Row_format | Rows | Avg_row_length | Data_length | Max_data_length | Index_length | Data_free | Auto_increment | Create_time | Update_time | Check_time | Collation | Checksum | Create_options | Comment |
+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+----------+----------------+---------+
| vuser1 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | VIEW |
+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+----------+----------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
* show create view 查看视图信息
mysql> show create view vuser1;
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| View | Create View | character_set_client | collation_connection |
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| vuser1 | CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `vuser1` AS select `users`.`id` AS `id`,`users`.`name` AS `name` from `users` | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6. 总结
以需求驱动技术,技术本身没有优略之分,只有业务之分。
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/lisea/1944679