/usr/share/doc/iputils-20071127/README.binding
=================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
1. Bonding Driver Installation
2. Bonding Driver Options
3. Configuring Bonding Devices
3.1 Configuration with Sysconfig Support
3.1.1 Using DHCP with Sysconfig
3.1.2 Configuring Multiple Bonds with Sysconfig
3.2 Configuration with Initscripts Support
3.2.1 Using DHCP with Initscripts
3.2.2 Configuring Multiple Bonds with Initscripts
3.3 Configuring Bonding Manually with Ifenslave
3.3.1 Configuring Multiple Bonds Manually
3.4 Configuring Bonding Manually via Sysfs
4. Querying Bonding Configuration
4.1 Bonding Configuration
4.2 Network Configuration
5. Switch Configuration
6. 802.1q VLAN Support
7. Link Monitoring
7.1 ARP Monitor Operation
7.2 Configuring Multiple ARP Targets
7.3 MII Monitor Operation
8. Potential Trouble Sources
8.1 Adventures in Routing
8.2 Ethernet Device Renaming
8.3 Painfully Slow Or No Failed Link Detection By Miimon
9. SNMP agents
10. Promiscuous mode
11. Configuring Bonding for High Availability
11.1 High Availability in a Single Switch Topology
11.2 High Availability in a Multiple Switch Topology
11.2.1 HA Bonding Mode Selection for Multiple Switch Topology
11.2.2 HA Link Monitoring for Multiple Switch Topology
12. Configuring Bonding for Maximum Throughput
12.1 Maximum Throughput in a Single Switch Topology
12.1.1 MT Bonding Mode Selection for Single Switch Topology
12.1.2 MT Link Monitoring for Single Switch Topology
12.2 Maximum Throughput in a Multiple Switch Topology
12.2.1 MT Bonding Mode Selection for Multiple Switch Topology
12.2.2 MT Link Monitoring for Multiple Switch Topology
13. Switch Behavior Issues
13.1 Link Establishment and Failover Delays
13.2 Duplicated Incoming Packets
14. Hardware Specific Considerations
14.1 IBM BladeCenter
15. Frequently Asked Questions
16. Resources and Links
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1. Bonding Driver Installation
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1.1 Configure and build the kernel with bonding
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1.2 Install ifenslave Control Utility
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2. Bonding Driver Options
=========================
Options for the bonding driver are supplied as parameters to the
bonding module at load time, or are specified via sysfs.
Module options may be given as command line arguments to the
insmod or modprobe command, but are usually specified in either the
/etc/modules.conf or /etc/modprobe.conf configuration file, or in a
distro-specific configuration file (some of which are detailed in the next
section).
Details on bonding support for sysfs is provided in the
"Configuring Bonding Manually via Sysfs" section, below.
The available bonding driver parameters are listed below. If a
parameter is not specified the default value is used. When initially
configuring a bond, it is recommended "tail -f /var/log/messages" be
run in a separate window to watch for bonding driver error messages.
It is critical that either the miimon or arp_interval and
arp_ip_target parameters be specified, otherwise serious network
degradation will occur during link failures. Very few devices do not
support at least miimon, so there is really no reason not to use it.
Options with textual values will accept either the text name
or, for backwards compatibility, the option value. E.g.,
"mode=802.3ad" and "mode=4" set the same mode.
The parameters are as follows:
arp_interval
Specifies the ARP link monitoring frequency in milliseconds.
The ARP monitor works by periodically checking the slave
devices to determine whether they have sent or received
traffic recently (the precise criteria depends upon the
bonding mode, and the state of the slave). Regular traffic is
generated via ARP probes issued for the addresses specified by
the arp_ip_target option.
This behavior can be modified by the arp_validate option,
below.
If ARP monitoring is used in an etherchannel compatible mode
(modes 0 and 2), the switch should be configured in a mode
that evenly distributes packets across all links. If the
switch is configured to distribute the packets in an XOR
fashion, all replies from the ARP targets will be received on
the same link which could cause the other team members to
fail. ARP monitoring should not be used in conjunction with
miimon. A value of 0 disables ARP monitoring. The default
value is 0.
arp_ip_target
Specifies the IP addresses to use as ARP monitoring peers when
arp_interval is > 0. These are the targets of the ARP request
sent to determine the health of the link to the targets.
Specify these values in ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd format. Multiple IP
addresses must be separated by a comma. At least one IP
address must be given for ARP monitoring to function. The
maximum number of targets that can be specified is 16. The
default value is no IP addresses.
arp_validate
Specifies whether or not ARP probes and replies should be
validated in the active-backup mode. This causes the ARP
monitor to examine the incoming ARP requests and replies, and
only consider a slave to be up if it is receiving the
appropriate ARP traffic.
Possible values are:
none or 0
No validation is performed. This is the default.
active or 1
Validation is performed only for the active slave.
backup or 2
Validation is performed only for backup slaves.
all or 3
Validation is performed for all slaves.
For the active slave, the validation checks ARP replies to
confirm that they were generated by an arp_ip_target. Since
backup slaves do not typically receive these replies, the
validation performed for backup slaves is on the ARP request
sent out via the active slave. It is possible that some
switch or network configurations may result in situations
wherein the backup slaves do not receive the ARP requests; in
such a situation, validation of backup slaves must be
disabled.
This option is useful in network configurations in which
multiple bonding hosts are concurrently issuing ARPs to one or
more targets beyond a common switch. Should the link between
the switch and target fail (but not the switch itself), the
probe traffic generated by the multiple bonding instances will
fool the standard ARP monitor into considering the links as
still up. Use of the arp_validate option can resolve this, as
the ARP monitor will only consider ARP requests and replies
associated with its own instance of bonding.
This option was added in bonding version 3.1.0.
downdelay
Specifies the time, in milliseconds, to wait before disabling
a slave after a link failure has been detected. This option
is only valid for the miimon link monitor. The downdelay
value should be a multiple of the miimon value; if not, it
will be rounded down to the nearest multiple. The default
value is 0.
fail_over_mac
Specifies whether active-backup mode should set all slaves to
the same MAC address (the traditional behavior), or, when
enabled, change the bond's MAC address when changing the
active interface (i.e., fail over the MAC address itself).
Fail over MAC is useful for devices that cannot ever alter
their MAC address, or for devices that refuse incoming
broadcasts with their own source MAC (which interferes with
the ARP monitor).
The down side of fail over MAC is that every device on the
network must be updated via gratuitous ARP, vs. just updating
a switch or set of switches (which often takes place for any
traffic, not just ARP traffic, if the switch snoops incoming
traffic to update its tables) for the traditional method. If
the gratuitous ARP is lost, communication may be disrupted.
When fail over MAC is used in conjuction with the mii monitor,
devices which assert link up prior to being able to actually
transmit and receive are particularly susecptible to loss of
the gratuitous ARP, and an appropriate updelay setting may be
required.
A value of 0 disables fail over MAC, and is the default. A
value of 1 enables fail over MAC. This option is enabled
automatically if the first slave added cannot change its MAC
address. This option may be modified via sysfs only when no
slaves are present in the bond.
This option was added in bonding version 3.2.0.
lacp_rate
Option specifying the rate in which we'll ask our link partner
to transmit LACPDU packets in 802.3ad mode. Possible values
are:
slow or 0
Request partner to transmit LACPDUs every 30 seconds
fast or 1
Request partner to transmit LACPDUs every 1 second
The default is slow.
max_bonds
Specifies the number of bonding devices to create for this
instance of the bonding driver. E.g., if max_bonds is 3, and
the bonding driver is not already loaded, then bond0, bond1
and bond2 will be created. The default value is 1.
miimon
Specifies the MII link monitoring frequency in milliseconds.
This determines how often the link state of each slave is
inspected for link failures. A value of zero disables MII
link monitoring. A value of 100 is a good starting point.
The use_carrier option, below, affects how the link state is
determined. See the High Availability section for additional
information. The default value is 0.
mode
Specifies one of the bonding policies. The default is
balance-rr (round robin). Possible values are:
balance-rr or 0
Round-robin policy: Transmit packets in sequential
order from the first available slave through the
last. This mode provides load balancing and fault
tolerance.
active-backup or 1
Active-backup policy: Only one slave in the bond is
active. A different slave becomes active if, and only
if, the active slave fails. The bond's MAC address is
externally visible on only one port (network adapter)
to avoid confusing the switch.
In bonding version 2.6.2 or later, when a failover
occurs in active-backup mode, bonding will issue one
or more gratuitous ARPs on the newly active slave.
One gratuitous ARP is issued for the bonding master
interface and each VLAN interfaces configured above
it, provided that the interface has at least one IP
address configured. Gratuitous ARPs issued for VLAN
interfaces are tagged with the appropriate VLAN id.
This mode provides fault tolerance. The primary
option, documented below, affects the behavior of this
mode.
balance-xor or 2
XOR policy: Transmit based on the selected transmit
hash policy. The default policy is a simple [(source
MAC address XOR'd with destination MAC address) modulo
slave count]. Alternate transmit policies may be
selected via the xmit_hash_policy option, described
below.
This mode provides load balancing and fault tolerance.
broadcast or 3
Broadcast policy: transmits everything on all slave
interfaces. This mode provides fault tolerance.
802.3ad or 4
IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation. Creates
aggregation groups that share the same speed and
duplex settings. Utilizes all slaves in the active
aggregator according to the 802.3ad specification.
Slave selection for outgoing traffic is done according
to the transmit hash policy, which may be changed from
the default simple XOR policy via the xmit_hash_policy
option, documented below. Note that not all transmit
policies may be 802.3ad compliant, particularly in
regards to the packet mis-ordering requirements of
section 43.2.4 of the 802.3ad standard. Differing
peer implementations will have varying tolerances for
noncompliance.
Prerequisites:
1. Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving
the speed and duplex of each slave.
2. A switch that supports IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link
aggregation.
Most switches will require some type of configuration
to enable 802.3ad mode.
balance-tlb or 5
Adaptive transmit load balancing: channel bonding that
does not require any special switch support. The
outgoing traffic is distributed according to the
current load (computed relative to the speed) on each
slave. Incoming traffic is received by the current
slave. If the receiving slave fails, another slave
takes over the MAC address of the failed receiving
slave.
Prerequisite:
Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving the
speed of each slave.
balance-alb or 6
Adaptive load balancing: includes balance-tlb plus
receive load balancing (rlb) for IPV4 traffic, and
does not require any special switch support. The
receive load balancing is achieved by ARP negotiation.
The bonding driver intercepts the ARP Replies sent by
the local system on their way out and overwrites the
source hardware address with the unique hardware
address of one of the slaves in the bond such that
different peers use different hardware addresses for
the server.
Receive traffic from connections created by the server
is also balanced. When the local system sends an ARP
Request the bonding driver copies and saves the peer's
IP information from the ARP packet. When the ARP
Reply arrives from the peer, its hardware address is
retrieved and the bonding driver initiates an ARP
reply to this peer assigning it to one of the slaves
in the bond. A problematic outcome of using ARP
negotiation for balancing is that each time that an
ARP request is broadcast it uses the hardware address
of the bond. Hence, peers learn the hardware address
of the bond and the balancing of receive traffic
collapses to the current slave. This is handled by
sending updates (ARP Replies) to all the peers with
their individually assigned hardware address such that
the traffic is redistributed. Receive traffic is also
redistributed when a new slave is added to the bond
and when an inactive slave is re-activated. The
receive load is distributed sequentially (round robin)
among the group of highest speed slaves in the bond.
When a link is reconnected or a new slave joins the
bond the receive traffic is redistributed among all
active slaves in the bond by initiating ARP Replies
with the selected MAC address to each of the
clients. The updelay parameter (detailed below) must
be set to a value equal or greater than the switch's
forwarding delay so that the ARP Replies sent to the
peers will not be blocked by the switch.
Prerequisites:
1. Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving
the speed of each slave.
2. Base driver support for setting the hardware
address of a device while it is open. This is
required so that there will always be one slave in the
team using the bond hardware address (the
curr_active_slave) while having a unique hardware
address for each slave in the bond. If the
curr_active_slave fails its hardware address is
swapped with the new curr_active_slave that was
chosen.
primary
A string (eth0, eth2, etc) specifying which slave is the
primary device. The specified device will always be the
active slave while it is available. Only when the primary is
off-line will alternate devices be used. This is useful when
one slave is preferred over another, e.g., when one slave has
higher throughput than another.
The primary option is only valid for active-backup mode.
updelay
Specifies the time, in milliseconds, to wait before enabling a
slave after a link recovery has been detected. This option is
only valid for the miimon link monitor. The updelay value
should be a multiple of the miimon value; if not, it will be
rounded down to the nearest multiple. The default value is 0.
use_carrier
Specifies whether or not miimon should use MII or ETHTOOL
ioctls vs. netif_carrier_ok() to determine the link
status. The MII or ETHTOOL ioctls are less efficient and
utilize a deprecated calling sequence within the kernel. The
netif_carrier_ok() relies on the device driver to maintain its
state with netif_carrier_on/off; at this writing, most, but
not all, device drivers support this facility.
If bonding insists that the link is up when it should not be,
it may be that your network device driver does not support
netif_carrier_on/off. The default state for netif_carrier is
"carrier on," so if a driver does not support netif_carrier,
it will appear as if the link is always up. In this case,
setting use_carrier to 0 will cause bonding to revert to the
MII / ETHTOOL ioctl method to determine the link state.
A value of 1 enables the use of netif_carrier_ok(), a value of
0 will use the deprecated MII / ETHTOOL ioctls. The default
value is 1.
xmit_hash_policy
Selects the transmit hash policy to use for slave selection in
balance-xor and 802.3ad modes. Possible values are:
layer2
Uses XOR of hardware MAC addresses to generate the
hash. The formula is
(source MAC XOR destination MAC) modulo slave count
This algorithm will place all traffic to a particular
network peer on the same slave.
This algorithm is 802.3ad compliant.
layer2+3
This policy uses a combination of layer2 and layer3
protocol information to generate the hash.
Uses XOR of hardware MAC addresses and IP addresses to
generate the hash. The formula is
(((source IP XOR dest IP) AND 0xffff) XOR
( source MAC XOR destination MAC ))
modulo slave count
This algorithm will place all traffic to a particular
network peer on the same slave. For non-IP traffic,
the formula is the same as for the layer2 transmit
hash policy.
This policy is intended to provide a more balanced
distribution of traffic than layer2 alone, especially
in environments where a layer3 gateway device is
required to reach most destinations.
This algorithm is 802.3ad complient.
layer3+4
This policy uses upper layer protocol information,
when available, to generate the hash. This allows for
traffic to a particular network peer to span multiple
slaves, although a single connection will not span
multiple slaves.
The formula for unfragmented TCP and UDP packets is
((source port XOR dest port) XOR
((source IP XOR dest IP) AND 0xffff)
modulo slave count
For fragmented TCP or UDP packets and all other IP
protocol traffic, the source and destination port
information is omitted. For non-IP traffic, the
formula is the same as for the layer2 transmit hash
policy.
This policy is intended to mimic the behavior of
certain switches, notably Cisco switches with PFC2 as
well as some Foundry and IBM products.
This algorithm is not fully 802.3ad compliant. A
single TCP or UDP conversation containing both
fragmented and unfragmented packets will see packets
striped across two interfaces. This may result in out
of order delivery. Most traffic types will not meet
this criteria, as TCP rarely fragments traffic, and
most UDP traffic is not involved in extended
conversations. Other implementations of 802.3ad may
or may not tolerate this noncompliance.
The default value is layer2. This option was added in bonding
version 2.6.3. In earlier versions of bonding, this parameter
does not exist, and the layer2 policy is the only policy. The
layer2+3 value was added for bonding version 3.2.2.
3. Configuring Bonding Devices
==============================
You can configure bonding using either your distro's network
initialization scripts, or manually using either ifenslave or the
sysfs interface. Distros generally use one of two packages for the
network initialization scripts: initscripts or sysconfig. Recent
versions of these packages have support for bonding, while older
versions do not.
We will first describe the options for configuring bonding for
distros using versions of initscripts and sysconfig with full or
partial support for bonding, then provide information on enabling
bonding without support from the network initialization scripts (i.e.,
older versions of initscripts or sysconfig).
If you're unsure whether your distro uses sysconfig or
initscripts, or don't know if it's new enough, have no fear.
Determining this is fairly straightforward.
First, issue the command:
$ rpm -qf /sbin/ifup
It will respond with a line of text starting with either
"initscripts" or "sysconfig," followed by some numbers. This is the
package that provides your network initialization scripts.
Next, to determine if your installation supports bonding,
issue the command:
$ grep ifenslave /sbin/ifup
If this returns any matches, then your initscripts or
sysconfig has support for bonding.
3.1 Configuration with Sysconfig Support
----------------------------------------
This section applies to distros using a version of sysconfig
with bonding support, for example, SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 9.
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3.2 Configuration with Initscripts Support
------------------------------------------
This section applies to distros using a recent version of
initscripts with bonding support, for example, Red Hat Enterprise Linux
version 3 or later, Fedora, etc. On these systems, the network
initialization scripts have knowledge of bonding, and can be configured to
control bonding devices. Note that older versions of the initscripts
package have lower levels of support for bonding; this will be noted where
applicable.
These distros will not automatically load the network adapter
driver unless the ethX device is configured with an IP address.
Because of this constraint, users must manually configure a
network-script file for all physical adapters that will be members of
a bondX link. Network script files are located in the directory:
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
The file name must be prefixed with "ifcfg-eth" and suffixed
with the adapter's physical adapter number. For example, the script
for eth0 would be named /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0.
Place the following text in the file:
DEVICE=eth0
USERCTL=no
ONBOOT=yes
MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
The DEVICE= line will be different for every ethX device and
must correspond with the name of the file, i.e., ifcfg-eth1 must have
a device line of DEVICE=eth1. The setting of the MASTER= line will
also depend on the final bonding interface name chosen for your bond.
As with other network devices, these typically start at 0, and go up
one for each device, i.e., the first bonding instance is bond0, the
second is bond1, and so on.
Next, create a bond network script. The file name for this
script will be /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bondX where X is
the number of the bond. For bond0 the file is named "ifcfg-bond0",
for bond1 it is named "ifcfg-bond1", and so on. Within that file,
place the following text:
DEVICE=bond0
IPADDR=192.168.1.1
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.1.0
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
USERCTL=no
Be sure to change the networking specific lines (IPADDR,
NETMASK, NETWORK and BROADCAST) to match your network configuration.
For later versions of initscripts, such as that found with Fedora
7 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 5 (or later), it is possible, and,
indeed, preferable, to specify the bonding options in the ifcfg-bond0
file, e.g. a line of the format:
BONDING_OPTS="mode=active-backup arp_interval=60 arp_ip_target=+192.168.1.254"
will configure the bond with the specified options. The options
specified in BONDING_OPTS are identical to the bonding module parameters
except for the arp_ip_target field. Each target should be included as a
separate option and should be preceded by a '+' to indicate it should be
added to the list of queried targets, e.g.,
arp_ip_target=+192.168.1.1 arp_ip_target=+192.168.1.2
is the proper syntax to specify multiple targets. When specifying
options via BONDING_OPTS, it is not necessary to edit /etc/modules.conf or
/etc/modprobe.conf.
For older versions of initscripts that do not support
BONDING_OPTS, it is necessary to edit /etc/modules.conf (or
/etc/modprobe.conf, depending upon your distro) to load the bonding module
with your desired options when the bond0 interface is brought up. The
following lines in /etc/modules.conf (or modprobe.conf) will load the
bonding module, and select its options:
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 mode=balance-alb miimon=100
Replace the sample parameters with the appropriate set of
options for your configuration.
Finally run "/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart" as root. This
will restart the networking subsystem and your bond link should be now
up and running.
3.2.1 Using DHCP with Initscripts
---------------------------------
Recent versions of initscripts (the versions supplied with Fedora
Core 3 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4, or later versions, are reported to
work) have support for assigning IP information to bonding devices via
DHCP.
To configure bonding for DHCP, configure it as described
above, except replace the line "BOOTPROTO=none" with "BOOTPROTO=dhcp"
and add a line consisting of "TYPE=Bonding". Note that the TYPE value
is case sensitive.
3.2.2 Configuring Multiple Bonds with Initscripts
-------------------------------------------------
Initscripts packages that are included with Fedora 7 and Red Hat
Enterprise Linux 5 support multiple bonding interfaces by simply
specifying the appropriate BONDING_OPTS= in ifcfg-bondX where X is the
number of the bond. This support requires sysfs support in the kernel,
and a bonding driver of version 3.0.0 or later. Other configurations may
not support this method for specifying multiple bonding interfaces; for
those instances, see the "Configuring Multiple Bonds Manually" section,
below.
3.3 Configuring Bonding Manually with Ifenslave
-----------------------------------------------
This section applies to distros whose network initialization
scripts (the sysconfig or initscripts package) do not have specific
knowledge of bonding. One such distro is SuSE Linux Enterprise Server
version 8.
The general method for these systems is to place the bonding
module parameters into /etc/modules.conf or /etc/modprobe.conf (as
appropriate for the installed distro), then add modprobe and/or
ifenslave commands to the system's global init script. The name of
the global init script differs; for sysconfig, it is
/etc/init.d/boot.local and for initscripts it is /etc/rc.d/rc.local.
For example, if you wanted to make a simple bond of two e100
devices (presumed to be eth0 and eth1), and have it persist across
reboots, edit the appropriate file (/etc/init.d/boot.local or
/etc/rc.d/rc.local), and add the following:
modprobe bonding mode=balance-alb miimon=100
modprobe e100
ifconfig bond0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
ifenslave bond0 eth0
ifenslave bond0 eth1
Replace the example bonding module parameters and bond0
network configuration (IP address, netmask, etc) with the appropriate
values for your configuration.
Unfortunately, this method will not provide support for the
ifup and ifdown scripts on the bond devices. To reload the bonding
configuration, it is necessary to run the initialization script, e.g.,
# /etc/init.d/boot.local
or
# /etc/rc.d/rc.local
It may be desirable in such a case to create a separate script
which only initializes the bonding configuration, then call that
separate script from within boot.local. This allows for bonding to be
enabled without re-running the entire global init script.
To shut down the bonding devices, it is necessary to first
mark the bonding device itself as being down, then remove the
appropriate device driver modules. For our example above, you can do
the following:
# ifconfig bond0 down
# rmmod bonding
# rmmod e100
Again, for convenience, it may be desirable to create a script
with these commands.
3.3.1 Configuring Multiple Bonds Manually
-----------------------------------------
This section contains information on configuring multiple
bonding devices with differing options for those systems whose network
initialization scripts lack support for configuring multiple bonds.
If you require multiple bonding devices, but all with the same
options, you may wish to use the "max_bonds" module parameter,
documented above.
To create multiple bonding devices with differing options, it is
preferrable to use bonding parameters exported by sysfs, documented in the
section below.
For versions of bonding without sysfs support, the only means to
provide multiple instances of bonding with differing options is to load
the bonding driver multiple times. Note that current versions of the
sysconfig network initialization scripts handle this automatically; if
your distro uses these scripts, no special action is needed. See the
section Configuring Bonding Devices, above, if you're not sure about your
network initialization scripts.
To load multiple instances of the module, it is necessary to
specify a different name for each instance (the module loading system
requires that every loaded module, even multiple instances of the same
module, have a unique name). This is accomplished by supplying multiple
sets of bonding options in /etc/modprobe.conf, for example:
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 -o bond0 mode=balance-rr miimon=100
alias bond1 bonding
options bond1 -o bond1 mode=balance-alb miimon=50
will load the bonding module two times. The first instance is
named "bond0" and creates the bond0 device in balance-rr mode with an
miimon of 100. The second instance is named "bond1" and creates the
bond1 device in balance-alb mode with an miimon of 50.
In some circumstances (typically with older distributions),
the above does not work, and the second bonding instance never sees
its options. In that case, the second options line can be substituted
as follows:
install bond1 /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install bonding -o bond1 \
mode=balance-alb miimon=50
This may be repeated any number of times, specifying a new and
unique name in place of bond1 for each subsequent instance.
It has been observed that some Red Hat supplied kernels are unable
to rename modules at load time (the "-o bond1" part). Attempts to pass
that option to modprobe will produce an "Operation not permitted" error.
This has been reported on some Fedora Core kernels, and has been seen on
RHEL 4 as well. On kernels exhibiting this problem, it will be impossible
to configure multiple bonds with differing parameters (as they are older
kernels, and also lack sysfs support).
3.4 Configuring Bonding Manually via Sysfs
------------------------------------------
Starting with version 3.0.0, Channel Bonding may be configured
via the sysfs interface. This interface allows dynamic configuration
of all bonds in the system without unloading the module. It also
allows for adding and removing bonds at runtime. Ifenslave is no
longer required, though it is still supported.
Use of the sysfs interface allows you to use multiple bonds
with different configurations without having to reload the module.
It also allows you to use multiple, differently configured bonds when
bonding is compiled into the kernel.
You must have the sysfs filesystem mounted to configure
bonding this way. The examples in this document assume that you
are using the standard mount point for sysfs, e.g. /sys. If your
sysfs filesystem is mounted elsewhere, you will need to adjust the
example paths accordingly.
Creating and Destroying Bonds
-----------------------------
To add a new bond foo:
# echo +foo > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
To remove an existing bond bar:
# echo -bar > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
To show all existing bonds:
# cat /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
NOTE: due to 4K size limitation of sysfs files, this list may be
truncated if you have more than a few hundred bonds. This is unlikely
to occur under normal operating conditions.
Adding and Removing Slaves
--------------------------
Interfaces may be enslaved to a bond using the file
/sys/class/net/<bond>/bonding/slaves. The semantics for this file
are the same as for the bonding_masters file.
To enslave interface eth0 to bond bond0:
# ifconfig bond0 up
# echo +eth0 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/slaves
To free slave eth0 from bond bond0:
# echo -eth0 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/slaves
When an interface is enslaved to a bond, symlinks between the
two are created in the sysfs filesystem. In this case, you would get
/sys/class/net/bond0/slave_eth0 pointing to /sys/class/net/eth0, and
/sys/class/net/eth0/master pointing to /sys/class/net/bond0.
This means that you can tell quickly whether or not an
interface is enslaved by looking for the master symlink. Thus:
# echo -eth0 > /sys/class/net/eth0/master/bonding/slaves
will free eth0 from whatever bond it is enslaved to, regardless of
the name of the bond interface.
Changing a Bond's Configuration
-------------------------------
Each bond may be configured individually by manipulating the
files located in /sys/class/net/<bond name>/bonding
The names of these files correspond directly with the command-
line parameters described elsewhere in this file, and, with the
exception of arp_ip_target, they accept the same values. To see the
current setting, simply cat the appropriate file.
A few examples will be given here; for specific usage
guidelines for each parameter, see the appropriate section in this
document.
To configure bond0 for balance-alb mode:
# ifconfig bond0 down
# echo 6 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode
- or -
# echo balance-alb > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode
NOTE: The bond interface must be down before the mode can be
changed.
To enable MII monitoring on bond0 with a 1 second interval:
# echo 1000 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/miimon
NOTE: If ARP monitoring is enabled, it will disabled when MII
monitoring is enabled, and vice-versa.
To add ARP targets:
# echo +192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
# echo +192.168.0.101 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
NOTE: up to 10 target addresses may be specified.
To remove an ARP target:
# echo -192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
Example Configuration
---------------------
We begin with the same example that is shown in section 3.3,
executed with sysfs, and without using ifenslave.
To make a simple bond of two e100 devices (presumed to be eth0
and eth1), and have it persist across reboots, edit the appropriate
file (/etc/init.d/boot.local or /etc/rc.d/rc.local), and add the
following:
modprobe bonding
modprobe e100
echo balance-alb > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode
ifconfig bond0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
echo 100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/miimon
echo +eth0 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/slaves
echo +eth1 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/slaves
To add a second bond, with two e1000 interfaces in
active-backup mode, using ARP monitoring, add the following lines to
your init script:
modprobe e1000
echo +bond1 > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
echo active-backup > /sys/class/net/bond1/bonding/mode
ifconfig bond1 192.168.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
echo +192.168.2.100 /sys/class/net/bond1/bonding/arp_ip_target
echo 2000 > /sys/class/net/bond1/bonding/arp_interval
echo +eth2 > /sys/class/net/bond1/bonding/slaves
echo +eth3 > /sys/class/net/bond1/bonding/slaves
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/astroxmc/1693184
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