数据库主键重复java报错信息_java学习笔记之sql常用语句

DDL(Data Definition Language)：数据库定义语句；

DML(Data Manipulation Language)：用于增删改查数据库中数据；

DCL(Data Control Language)用来向用户赋予/取消对数据对象的控制权限；

TCL(Transaction Control Language)：用来对事务进行管理

数据库登录：

win+R运行cmd,输入 双引号里面的内容："mysql -uroot -proot"回车，root为用户名和密码。

注意：执行win命令，最后不需要加“;”，但执行mysql语句则需要加“;”

一、库操作

1.创建名为"mydb1"数据库:

create database mydb1;

2.显示所有数据库:

show databases;

3.创建名为"mydb1"并带字符集的数据库:

create database mydb2 CHARACTER SET=utf8;

4.显示数据库mydb2创建语句:

show create database mydb2;

5.如果存在数据库mydb2，则删除mydb2(如果不加上if exits判断,一旦要删除的数据库不存在，就会报错):

drop database if exits mydb2;

6.修改数据库的库字符编码:

alter database mydb2 character set gb2312;

7.数据库备份(root是用户名，这是一个win命令(即打开cmd，直接输入)，将数据库备份到c盘下):

mysqldump -u root -p mydb2>c://test.sql;

8.数据库恢复(两种方式):

(1)这是一个win命令:mysql -u root -p mydb2

(2)source c://test.sql;

二、表操作

1.创建学生表:

create table student(

/* 直接指定主键，也可单独指定*/

sno varchar(4) primary key,

sname varchar(10) not null,

sage int,

ssex char(2),

email varchar(20) unique,

constraint ck_student_ssex_sage check(ssex in('男','女')and sage between 10 and 50)

)

2.增加列(字段):

alter table tableName add columnName varchar(30);

3.修改列，改变长度:

alter table tableName modify cloumnName varchar(60);

4.删除列:

alter table tableName drop column cloumnName;

5.修改表名:

rename table tableName_old to tableName_new;

6.修改表的字符集:

alter table user character set gbk;

7.修改列名:

alter table tableName change column cloumnName columnName_new varchar(60);

8.删除表:

drop table tableName;

三、增删改查

准备表

create table employee

(

id int,

name varchar(40),

sex varchar(4),

birthday date,

entry_date date,

salary decimal(8,2),

resume text

);

1.插入数据:

insert into employee(id,name,sex,birthday,entry_date,salary,resume) values(1,'zhangsan','male','1993-03-04','2016-11-10','1000','i am a developer');

/*可以省略表字段，但是必须插入全部字段*/

insert into employee values(1,'zhangsan','male','1993-03-04','2016-11-10','1000','i am a developer');

2.指定某些列插入数据:

insert into employee(id) values(6);

3.查看汉字时不乱码:

insert into employee(id,name) values(6,'张三');

/*告诉mysql客户采用gb2312编码*/

show variables like 'chara%';

set character_set_client=gb2312;

insert into employee(id,username) values('3','张三');

/*查看汉字时不乱码*/

show variables like 'chara%';

set character_set_results=gb2312;

select * from employee;

4.删除表数据:

/*删除表中名称为’zs’的记录*/

delete from employee where name='zs';

/*删除表中所有记录*/

delete from employee;

/*使用truncate删除表中记录(快速删除表中所有数据，保留表的数据结构)*/

truncate table employee;

5.修改表中数据:

/*将所有员工薪水修改为5000元*/

update employee set salary=5000;

/*将姓名为’zs’的员工薪水修改为3000元*/

update employee set salary = 3000 where name='zs';

/*将姓名为’aaa’的员工薪水修改为4000元,job改为ccc*/

update employee set salary = 4000,job='ccc' where name='aaa';

/*将lisi的薪水在原有基础上增加1000元*/

update employee set salary = salary+1000 where name='lisi';

6.查询表中数据:

/*查询表中所有学生的信息*/

select id,name,chinese,english,math from student;

/*查询表中所有学生的姓名和对应的英语成绩*/

select name,english from student;

/*过滤表中重复数据*/

select distinct english from student;

在所有学生分数上加10分特长分*/

select name,(chinese+english+math)+10 from student;

/*统计每个学生的总分*/

select name,(chinese+english+math) from student;

/*使用别名表示学生分数*/

select name,(chinese+english+math) as 总分 from student;

/*使用别名表示学生分数,可以不用as*/

select name,(chinese+english+math) 总分 from student;

/*查询姓名为张三的学生成绩*/

select * from student where name='张三';

/*查询英语成绩大于90分的同学*/

select * from student where english>'90';

/*查询总分大于200分的所有同学*/

select name,(chinese+english+math) 总分 from student where chinese+english+math>200;

/*查询英语分数在 80－90之间的同学*/

select * from student where english>=80 and english=<90;

select * from student where english between 80 and 90;

/*查询数学分数为89,90,91的同学*/

select * from student where math=89 or math=90 or math=91;

select * from student where math in(89,90,91);

/*查询所有姓李的学生成绩*/

select * from student where name like '李%';

select * from student where name like '李_';

/*查询数学分>80，语文分>80的同学*/

select * from student where math>80 and chinese>80;

select * from student where chinese is null;

/*对数学成绩排序(降序：从高到低，desc)后输出。*/

select name,math from student order by math desc;

/*对数学成绩排序(升序：从低到高，asc)后输出。*/

select name,math from student order by math asc;

/*对总分排序后输出，然后再按从高到低的顺序输出*/

select name,math+english+chinese from student order by math+english+chinese desc;

/*对姓李的学生成绩排序输出*/

select name,math+english+chinese from student where name like '李%' order by math+english+chinese desc;

/*统计一个班级共有多少学生*/

select count(*) from student;

select count(id) from student;

/*统计数学成绩大于80的学生人数*/

select count(*) from student where math>80;

/*统计总分大于250的人数*/

select count(*) from student where math+english+chinese>250;

/*细节 null不能被count*/

select count(chinese) from student;

/*统计一个班级数学总成绩*/

select sum(math) from student;

/*统计一个班级语文、英语、数学各科的总成绩s*/

elect sum(math),sum(english),sum(chinese) from student;

/*统计一个班级语文、英语、数学的成绩总和*/

select sum(math+english+chinese) from student;

/*统计一个班级语文成绩平均分*/

select sum(chinese)/count(*) from student;

/*求一个班级数学平均分*/

select avg(math) from student;

/*求一个班级总分平均分*/

select avg(math+english+chinese) from student;

/*求班级最高分和最低分(数值范围在统计中特别有用)*/

select max(math+english+chinese) from student;

select min(math+english+chinese) from student;

/*对订单表中商品归类后，显示每一类商品的总价*/

select product,sum(price) from orders group by product;

/*查询购买了几类商品，并且每类总价大于100的商品*/

select product,sum(price) from orders group by product having sum(price)>100;

四、表约束

1.定义主键约束:

create table demo1(

id int primary key,

name varchar(40)

);

2.插入空id:

insert into demo1(name) values('aaa');/*报错，主键不能为空*/

3.插入重复的id:

insert into demo1(id,name) values(1,'aaa');

/*报错，主键不能重复*/

insert into demo1(id,name) values(1,'aaa');

4.显定义主键自动增长(auto_increment):

create table demo2(

id int auto_increment primary key,

name varchar(40)

);

5.定义唯一约束(unique):

create table demo3(

id int auto_increment primary key,

name varchar(40) unique /*unique:唯一约束*/

);

6.定义非空(not null):

create table demo4(

id int auto_increment primary key,

name varchar(40) not null

);

7.定义外键约束():

create table department(

id int auto_increment primary key,

name varchar(30) not null

);

create table employee2(

id int auto_increment primary key,

name varchar(30) not null,

salary  double,

department_id int,

/*外键约束*/

constraint department_id_FK foreign key(department_id) references department(id)

);

6.定义非空(not null):

create table demo4(

id int auto_increment primary key,

name varchar(40) not null

);

7.删除主键:

alter table tablename drop primary key;