不同频段的RFID产品会有不同的特性，本文详细介绍了无源的感应器在不同工作频率产品的特性以及主要的应用。
目前定义RFID产品的工作频率有低频、高频和甚高频的频率范围内的符合不同标准的不同的产品,而且不同频段的RFID产品会有不同的特性。
其中感应器有无源和有源两种方式，下面详细介绍无源的感应器在不同工作频率产品的特性以及主要的应用。
1． 低频(从125KHz到134KHz)
其实RFID技术首先在低频得到广泛的应用和推广。该频率主要是通过电感耦合的方式进行工作,
也就是在读写器线圈和感应器线圈间存在着变压器耦合作用.通过读写器交变场的作用在感应器天线中
感应的电压被整流,可作供电电压使用. 磁场区域能够很好的被定义，但是场强下降的太快。
特性：
1. 工作在低频的感应器的一般工作频率从120KHz到134KHz, TI 的工作频率为134.2KHz。该频段的波长大约为2500m.
2. 除了金属材料影响外，一般低频能够穿过任意材料的物品而不降低它的读取距离。
3. 工作在低频的读写器在全球没有任何特殊的许可限制。
4．低频产品有不同的封装形式。好的封装形式就是价格太贵，但是有10年以上的使用寿命。
5．虽然该频率的磁场区域下降很快，但是能够产生相对均匀的读写区域。
6．相对于其他频段的RFID产品，该频段数据传输速率比较慢。
7．感应器的价格相对与其他频段来说要贵。
主要应用：
1． 畜牧业的管理系统
2． 汽车防盗和无钥匙开门系统的应用
3． 马拉松赛跑系统的应用
4． 自动停车场收费和车辆管理系统
5． 自动加油系统的应用
6． 酒店门锁系统的应用
7． 门禁和安全管理系统
符合的国际标准：
a) ISO 11784 RFID畜牧业的应用－编码结构
b) ISO 11785 RFID畜牧业的应用－技术理论
c) ISO 14223-1 RFID畜牧业的应用－空气接口
d) ISO 14223-2 RFID畜牧业的应用－协议定义
e) ISO 18000-2 定义低频的物理层、防冲撞和通讯协议
f) DIN 30745 主要是欧洲对垃圾管理应用定义的标准
2． 高频(工作频率为13.56MHz)
在该频率的感应器不再需要线圈进行绕制，可以通过腐蚀活着印刷的方式制作天线。
感应器一般通过负载调制的方式 的方式进行工作。
也就是通过感应器上的负载电阻的接通和断开促使读写器天线上的电压发生变化，实现用远距离感应器对天线电压进行振幅调制。
如果人们通过数 据控制负载电压的接通和断开，那么这些数据就能够从感应器传输到读写器
特性：
1. 工作频率为13.56MHz，该频率的波长大概为22m。
2. 除了金属材料外，该频率的波长可以穿过大多数的材料，但是往往会降低读取距离。感应器需要离开金属一段距离。
3. 该频段在全球都得到认可并没有特殊的限制。
4. 感应器一般以电子标签的形式。
5. 虽然该频率的磁场区域下降很快，但是能够产生相对均匀的读写区域。
6. 该系统具有防冲撞特性，可以同时读取多个电子标签。
7. 可以把某些数据信息写入标签中。
8. 数据传输速率比低频要快，价格不是很贵。
主要应用：
1． 图书管理系统的应用
2． 瓦斯钢瓶的管理应用
3． 服装生产线和物流系统的管理和应用
4． 三表预收费系统
5． 酒店门锁的管理和应用
6． 大型会议人员通道系统
7． 固定资产的管理系统
8． 医药物流系统的管理和应用
9． 智能货架的管理
符合的国际标准：
a) ISO/IEC 14443 近耦合IC卡，最大的读取距离为10cm.
b) ISO/IEC 15693 疏耦合IC卡，最大的读取距离为1m.
c) ISO/IEC 18000-3 该标准定义了13.56MHz系统的物理层，防冲撞算法和通讯协议。
d) 13.56MHz ISM Band Class 1 定义13.56MHz符合EPC的接口定义。
3． 超高频(工作频率为860MHz到960MHz之间)
甚高频系统通过电场来传输能量。电场的能量下降的不是很快，但是读取的区域不是很好进行定义。
该频段读取距离比较远，无源可达10m左右。主要是通过电容耦合的方式进行实现。
特性：
- 1． 在该频段，全球的定义不是很相同－欧洲和部分亚洲定义的频率为868MHz，
北美定义的频段为902到905MHz之间，在日本建议的频段为950到956之间。该频段的波长大概为30cm左右。 - 2． 目前，该频段功率输出目前统一的定义(美国定义为4W，欧洲定义为500mW)。 可能欧洲限制会上升到2W EIRP。
- 3． 甚高频频段的电波不能通过许多材料，特别是水，灰尘，雾等悬浮颗粒物资。相对于高频的电子标签来说，该频段的电子标签不需要和金属分开来。
- 4． 电子标签的天线一般是长条和标签状。天线有线性和圆极化两种设计，满足不同应用的需求。
- 5． 该频段有好的读取距离，但是对读取区域很难进行定义。
- 6． 有很高的数据传输速率，在很短的时间可以读取大量的电子标签。
主要应用：
- 1． 供应链上的管理和应用
- 2． 生产线自动化的管理和应用
- 3． 航空包裹的管理和应用
- 4． 集装箱的管理和应用
- 5． 铁路包裹的管理和应用
- 6． 后勤管理系统的应用
符合的国际标准：
a) ISO/IEC 18000-6 定义了甚高频的物理层和通讯协议；空气接口定义了Type A和Type B两部分；支持可读和可写操作。
b) EPCglobal 定义了电子物品编码的结构和甚高频的空气接口以及通讯的协议。例如：Class 0, Class 1, UHF Gen2。
c) Ubiquitous ID 日本的组织，定义了UID编码结构和通信管理协议。
我们毫无怀疑，在将来，甚高频的产品会得到大量的应用。例如WalMart, Tesco, 美国国防部和麦德龙超市都会在它们的供应链上应用RFID技术。
Frequency refers to the size of the radio waves used to communicate between RFID system components.
RFID systems throughout the world operate in low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF) bands.
Radio waves behave differently at each of these frequencies with advantages and disadvantages associated with using each frequency band.
If an RFID system operates at a lower frequency, it has a shorter read range and slower data read rate,
but increased capabilities for reading near or on metal or liquid surfaces.
If a system operates at a higher frequency, it generally has faster data transfer rates and longer read ranges than lower frequency systems,
but more sensitivity to radio wave interference caused by liquids and metals in the environment.
LF RFID
The LF band covers frequencies from 30 KHz to 300 KHz.
Typically LF RFID systems operate at 125 KHz, although there are some that operate at 134 KHz.
This frequency band provides a short read range of 10 cm, and has slower read speed than the higher frequencies,
but is not very sensitive to radio wave interference.
LF RFID applications include access control and livestock tracking.
Standards for LF animal-tracking systems are defined in ISO 14223, and ISO/IEC 18000-2.
The LF spectrum is not considered a truly global application because of slight differences in frequency and power levels throughout the world.
HF RFID
The HF band ranges from 3 to 30 MHz. Most HF RFID systems operate at 13.56 MHz with read ranges between 10 cm and 1 m.
HF systems experience moderate sensitivity to interference.
HF RFID is commonly used for ticketing, payment, and data transfer applications.
There are several HF RFID standards in place, such as the ISO 15693 standard for tracking items,
and the ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092 standards for Near Field Communication (NFC),
a shortrange technology that is commonly used for data exchange between devices.
Other HF standards include the ISO/IEC 14443 A and ISO/IEC 14443 standards for MIFARE technology,
which used in smart cards and proximity cards,
and the JIS X 6319-4 for FeliCa, which is a smart card system commonly used in electronic money cards.
UHF RFID
The UHF frequency band covers the range from 300 MHz to 3 GHz.
Systems complying with the UHF Gen2 standard for RFID use the 860 to 960 MHz band.
While there is some variance in frequency from region to region,
UHF Gen2 RFID systems in most countries operate between 900 and 915 MHz.
The read range of passive UHF systems can be as long as 12 m, and UHF RFID has a faster data transfer rate than LF or HF.
UHF RFID is the most sensitive to interference, but many UHF product manufacturers have found ways of designing tags,
antennas, and readers to keep performance high even in difficult environments.
Passive UHF tags are easier and cheaper to manufacture than LF and HF tags.
UHF RFID is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from retail inventory management,
to pharmaceutical anti-counterfeiting, to wireless device configuration.
The bulk of new RFID projects are using UHF opposed to LF or HF, making UHF the fastest growing segment of the RFID market.
The UHF frequency band is regulated by a single global standard called the ECPglobal Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C) UHF standard.
RFID is so called Radio Frequency Identification system which consists of two main parts:
transmitter and receiver.
The labels, access cards and even passports in some countries they have RFID transponders integrated.
There can be three types of RFID transponders:
Passive, Active and semi-passive.
Tags are grouped into three basic types:
- Passive: Passive RFID tags are by far the most common.
They do not contain any power and receive their operating power wirelessly from the RFID reader.
The amount of power is sufficient to power any component in the tag and reply with the required data.
The so-called RFID smart tags (or RFID smart labels) are all passive.
Furthermore, the tags use an antenna to capture energy from an RF signal emitted by the reader/writer. - Semi-passive: This form of tag contains a battery to supply power for the internal operation of the tag,
but relies on the RFID reader to supply the power to transmit the signal to the reader. - Active: An active tag is one in which battery power is used to supply power to the electronic circuits in the tag.
This extends the range of the tag and removes the dependency of the tag on received power to provide a reflected signal.
This also allows the control and processing circuits in the tag to be more sophisticated, as in the case of the semi-passive RFID tag.
Passive, Active, and BAP RFID Systems
Active RFID Systems
In active RFID systems, tags have their own transmitter and power source.
Usually, the power source is a battery.
Active tags broadcast their own signal to transmit the information stored on their microchips.
Active RFID systems typically operate in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band and offer a range of up to 100 m.
In general, active tags are used on large objects, such as rail cars, big reusable containers,
and other assets that need to be tracked over long distances.
There are two main types of active tags: transponders and beacons.
Transponders are “woken up” when they receive a radio signal from a reader,
and then power on and respond by transmitting a signal back.
Because transponders do not actively radiate radio waves until they receive a reader signal, they conserve battery life.
Beacons are used in most real-time locating systems (RTLS), in order to track the precise location of an asset continuously.
Unlike transponders, beacons are not powered on by the reader’s signal.
Instead, they emit signals at pre-set intervals. Depending on the level of locating accuracy required,
beacons can be set to emit signals every few seconds, or once a day.
Each beacon’s signal is received by reader antennas that are positioned around the perimeter of the area being monitored,
and communicates the tag’s ID information and position.
Passive RFID Systems
In passive RFID systems, the reader and reader antenna send a radio signal to the tag.
The RFID tag then uses the transmitted signal to power on, and reflect energy back to the reader.
Passive RFID systems can operate in the low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) or ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio bands.
As passive system ranges are limited by the power of the tag’s backscatter
(the radio signal reflected from the tag back to the reader),they are typically less than 10 m.
Because passive tags do not require a power source or transmitter, and only require a tag chip and antenna,
they are cheaper, smaller, and easier to manufacture than active tags.
Passive tags can be packaged in many different ways, depending on the specific RFID application requirements.
For instance, they may be mounted on a substrate, or sandwiched between an adhesive layer and a paper label to create smart RFID labels.
Passive tags may also be embedded in a variety of devices or packages to make the tag resistant to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals.
Passive RFID solutions are useful for many applications, and are commonly deployed to track goods in the supply chain,
to inventory assets in the retail industry, to authenticate products such as pharmaceuticals, and to embed RFID capability in a variety of devices.
Passive RFID can even be used in warehouses and distribution centers,
in spite of its shorter range, by setting up readers at choke points to monitor asset movement.
Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) Systems
A Battery-Assisted Passive RFID tag is a type of passive tag which incorporates a crucial active tag feature.
While most passive RFID tags use the energy from the RFID reader’s signal to power on the tag’s chip and backscatter to the reader,
BAP tags use an integrated power source (usually a battery) to power on the chip,
so all of the captured energy from the reader can be used for backscatter.
Unlike transponders, BAP tags do not have their own transmitters.
Passive RFID tags
Transponders (tags) of passive RFID system don’t have power supply.
This is why they are called passive.
Passive tags are powered from electromagnetic field generated by reader antenna.
Reader antenna has to transmit enough power to provide enough energy to tag so it could to transmit back data.
Because of this reading distance is very limited – up to several centimeters.
Passive RFID tags do not have internal power supply.
Instead, they are powered by energy induced in the antenna by the RF signal.
Most passive tags transmit by backscattering the carrier signal from the reader.
The engineering challenge is to design an antenna that can collect power from the incoming signal
and transmit it to the outbound backscatter signal.
The response of a passive RFID tag is not necessarily just an ID number;
the tag chip can contain non-volatile EEPROM for storing data.
RFID Block Schematic
A simplified block schematic of an RFID tag (also called transponder) is shown in the diagram below.
Various components of the tag are as shown.
Normally, the antenna is external to the tag chip, and large in size.
The operation of the RFID tag is described below:
Handshaking with the Reader (interrogator):
- The reader continuously emits RF carrier signals, and keeps observing the received RF signals for data.
- The presence of a tag (for our discussion, we consider only passive tag) modulates the rf field, and the same is detected by the reader.
- The passive tag absorbs a small portion of the energy emitted by the reader,
and starts sending modulated information when sufficient energy is acquired from the rf field generated by the reader.
Note that the data modulation (modulation for 0s and 1s) is accomplished
by either direct modulation or FSK or Phase modulation. - The reader demodulates the signals received from the tag antenna, and decodes the same for further processing.
Well some of implementations may reach several meters.
Passive tags are most common used because they are cheap,
can last indefinitely long as there is no need for power supply,
and they are small size what allows them easy to integrate almost
in every environment starting wrists, necklaces, cards, stickers.
Passive tags simply consist of single IC and antena coil which is usually flat.
Passive tags are operating below 100MHz frequencies
(most common frequencies are 125kHz – 134.2kHz and 13.56MHz)
and main transfer energy is carried by magnetic field.
Magnetic field generated voltage in the coil which is used as power supply also as data signal.
There are also HF passive tags that operate at 900MHz and 2.45GHz.
These tags have dipole antena (1/8 wave length)construction.
With these tags distance may reach more than 3 meters.
But high frequency tags require more expensive manufacturing processing with more precise electronics,
but they can support up to 2Mb/s data stream.
Active RFID tags
Active RFID tags may provide all advantages of RFID system because tags are fully powered transmitters.
They don’t have to be activated by antenna reader.
Active RFID topic may be very wide because there are many areas where an how they can be used.
In some cases tags may not need a reader antena because tags in some particular cases can be configured to interact with each other.
Active transponders can communicate in very long ranges up to several hundred kilometers.
Main disadvantages of active tags may be relatively big size and production price compared to passive ones.
Semi-Passive RFID tags
Semi-Passive tags are more similar to passive transponders than active.
These tags are powered from battery or so called battery assisted tags,
but radio transmission depends on antena activity.
As data processor had it own power, so all received power can be used for transmitting back the signal
which is stronger than passive transducer.
This allows to increase communication distance with quit cheap solution.
Semi passive RFID tags augment the energy from reader antenna,
but they are not constantly beaming signals as active tags does.
Semi-passive RFID tags use a process to generate a tag response similar to that of passive tags.
Semi-passive tags differ from passive in that semi passive tags possess an internal battery
for the tag’s circuitry which allows the tag to complete other functions such as monitoring
of environmental conditions (temperature, shock) and which may extend the tag signal range.
Power supply to an inductively coupled transponder from the energy of the magnetic alternating field generated by the reader
Signal transmission
Sound is converted into electricity by a telephone and then transmitted as an analog signal.
These waves have 3 fundamental characteristics:
- Amplitude, meaning the height (intensity) of the wave
- Frequency, which is the number of waves that pass in a single second and is measured in Hertz (cycles/second)
(wavelength, the length of the wave from crest to crest, is related to frequency.). - Phase is a third characteristic that describes the point in the wave’s cycle at which a wave begins and is measured in degrees.
(For example, changing a wave’s cycle from crest to trough corresponds to a 180 degree phase shift).
Most RFID tags were using ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) and PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for its analog modulation.
All known digital modulation procedures are used in data transfer from the reader to the transponder
in full and half duplex systems, irrespective of the operating frequency or the coupling procedure.
There are three basic procedures:
- ASK: amplitude shift keying
- FSK: frequency shift keying
- PSK: phase shift keying
- ASK ——幅移键控调制，把二进制符号0和1分别用不同的幅度来表示。
- FSK ——频移键控调制，即用不同的频率来表示不同的符号。
- PSK ——相移键控调制，通过二进制符号0和1来判断信号前后相位。
Because of the simplicity of demodulation, the majority of systems use ASK modulation
Modulation is the process process of modifying modifying the characteristics of a signal,
called a carrier wave, to convey information information.
The characteristics of a signal to modify include amplitude, frequency frequency, and phase.
http://electronicdesign.com/communications/understanding-modern-digital-modulation-techniques
Fundamental to all wireless communications is modulation, the process of impressing the data to be transmitted on the radio carrier. Most wireless transmissions today are digital, and with the limited spectrum available, the type of modulation is more critical than it has ever been.
The main goal of modulation today is to squeeze as much data into the least amount of spectrum possible. That objective, known as spectral efficiency, measures how quickly data can be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth. The unit of measurement is bits per second per Hz (b/s/Hz). Multiple techniques have emerged to achieve and improve spectral efficiency.
Table of Contents
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
- Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
- Data Rate And Baud Rate
- Multiple Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
- Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK)
- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
- Determining Spectral Efficiency
- Other Factors Affecting Spectral Efficiency
- Implementing Modulation And Demodulation
- The Pursuit Of Greater Spectral Efficiency
- Acknowledgment
- References
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
There are three basic ways to modulate a sine wave radio carrier:
modifying the amplitude, frequency, or phase.
More sophisticated methods combine two or more of these variations to improve spectral efficiency.
These basic modulation forms are still used today with digital signals.
Figure 1 shows a basic serial digital signal of binary zeros and ones to be transmitted and the corresponding AM and FM signals resulting from modulation.
There are two types of AM signals: on-off keying (OOK) and amplitude shift keying (ASK).
In Figure 1a, the carrier amplitude is shifted between two amplitude levels to produce ASK.
InFigure 1b, the binary signal turns the carrier off and on to create OOK.
AM produces sidebands above and below the carrier equal to the highest frequency content of the modulating signal.
The bandwidth required is two times the highest frequency content including any harmo
最低0.47元/天 解锁文章
7527
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
