第7章 包和依赖

2019独角兽企业重金招聘Python工程师标准>>>

原文链接    https://erlang.mk/guide/deps.html

 

还没开始翻译，因为第六章用到……………………………………………………………………………………

 

Chapter 7. Packages and dependencies

Erlang.mk can fetch and compile the dependencies that your project requires. Erlang.mk improves upon the concepts introduced by Rebar, so they should be familiar to many seasoned Erlang developers.

Erlang.mk is not a package manager, nor is it trying to be, but it does include an index of Erlang packages to make discovering useful projects easier.

This chapter will explain how to use packages, add dependencies to your project or bundle them directly in a single repository.

7.1. Searching packages

Erlang.mk gives you access to nearly 500 packages, with more being added regularly.

To find a package, search for it:

$ make search q=pool

This will return all packages matching this word, like worker pool and acceptor pool projects.

You can also list everything and use regular command line tools to find what you need, for example:

$ make search | less

7.2. Adding dependencies to your project

Once you find the package you need, adding it as a dependency to your project is a one-liner:

DEPS = cowboy

And that’s it! The next time you run make, Erlang.mk will fetch and compile Cowboy. Erlang.mk will also ensure Cowboy is available whenever you use the shell, run tests and any other operations.

Erlang.mk will fill in the application resource file with all applications found in DEPS. But not all dependencies are Erlang applications, and not all dependencies need to be a runtime dependency. That’s where the BUILD_DEPS variable comes in: it works just like DEPS, except the dependencies listed there will not be added as runtime dependencies.

For example, you could add a parse transform project like this to make it available only at build time:

BUILD_DEPS = erlando

Or you could depend on a C project directly, if you are building a NIF:

BUILD_DEPS = leveldb
dep_leveldb = git https://github.com/basho/leveldb 2.1.3

This dependency will be built before your application, so you could easily copy the resulting shared file into your priv/ directory as part of the build process. More information about that in the NIFs and port drivers chapter.

Another variable, LOCAL_DEPS, allows specifying runtime dependencies which are part of Erlang/OTP itself, but also dependencies that are included in the repository. Since they are already on your system, there is no need to fetch them. Do note that there is no way to choose the version, the application used will be the one already on your system.

You could depend on the Crypto application, for example:

LOCAL_DEPS = crypto

Erlang.mk comes with additional types of dependencies. It has TEST_DEPS for dependencies used only for testing:

TEST_DEPS = ct_helper
dep_ct_helper = git https://github.com/ninenines/ct_helper master

DOC_DEPS for dependencies used only when building documentation:

DOC_DEPS = edown

REL_DEPS for dependencies required to build the release, or to include extra applications in the release:

REL_DEPS = recon

And SHELL_DEPS for dependencies to make available when running the make shellcommand:

SHELL_DEPS = tddreloader

All these will be documented in more details in their respective chapters.

7.2.1. Modifying the dependency source or version

By default, Erlang.mk will look into its package index to find the project you are looking for, if you only provide its name. This is this case:

DEPS = cowboy

If you need a different version, you need to define another variable. There are two ways to do this, each being useful for different reasons.

If you simply want to change the commit number, all you need to do is to define the dep_$(DEP_NAME)_commit variable. In the case of Cowboy, this would look like this:

DEPS = cowboy
dep_cowboy_commit = 2.0.0-pre.2

Erlang.mk will use the package index to get all information about Cowboy, except the commit number which will be overriden.

If you need to set the fetch method or repository information too, for example because you want to use your own fork, or simply because the project is missing from the index, you can define the dep_$(DEP_NAME) variable with everything:

DEPS = cowboy
dep_cowboy = git https://github.com/essen/cowboy 2.0.0-pre.2

This will fetch Cowboy from your fork at the given commit.

7.2.2. Fetch methods

Erlang.mk comes with a number of different fetch methods. You can fetch from Git, Mercurial, SVN, to name a few. There are fetch methods that will work everywhere, and fetch methods that will only work in a given environment.

The following table lists all existing methods:

Name	Format	Description
git	git repo commit	Clone the Git repository and checkout the given version
git-submodule	git-submodule	Initialize and update the Git submodule
hg	hg repo commit	Clone the Mercurial repository and update to the given version
svn	svn repo	Checkout the given SVN repository
cp	cp path/to/repo	Recursively copy a local directory
ln	ln path/to/repo	Symbolically link a local directory
hex	hex version	Download the given project version from hex.pm
fail	N/A	Always fail, reserved for internal use
legacy	N/A	Legacy Erlang.mk fetcher, reserved for internal use

The git and hg methods both have a repository and commit. You can use any valid commit, tag or branch in that repository for the commit value.

For example, to fetch Cowboy with tag 2.0.0-pre.2 from Git:

dep_cowboy = git https://github.com/ninenines/cowboy 2.0.0-pre.2

Or to fetch Ehsa tag 4.0.3 from Mercurial:

dep_ehsa = hg https://bitbucket.org/a12n/ehsa 4.0.3

Git also comes with a concept of submodules. Erlang.mk can automatically initializes and updates submodules for dependencies, as long as they were added beforehand using git submodule add:

dep_cowboy = git-submodule

The svn method only has a repository value, but that’s simply because the SVN repository URL can also contain the path and commit.

This would fetch an example project from the trunk:

dep_ex1 = svn https://example.com/svn/trunk/project/ex1

And this would fetch a separate example project from a specific commit:

dep_ex2 = svn svn://example.com/svn/branches/erlang-proj/ex2@264

You can copy a directory from your machine using the cp method. It only takes the path to copy from:

dep_cowboy = cp $(HOME)/ninenines/cowboy

Finally, you can use a package from the Hex repository:

dep_cowboy = hex 1.0.3

7.2.3. Custom fetch methods

If none of the existing methods fit your use, you can simply define your own. Erlang.mk will consider all variables that are named as dep_fetch_$(METHOD) to be available fetch methods. You can do anything inside this variable, as long as you create a folder named $(DEPS_DIR)/$(call dep_name,$1). Or in layman terms, if your dependency is Cowboy, this would become deps/cowboy.

To give an example, this is what the Git method does:

define dep_fetch_git
    git clone -q -n -- $(call dep_repo,$1) $(DEPS_DIR)/$(call dep_name,$1); \
    cd $(DEPS_DIR)/$(call dep_name,$1) && git checkout -q $(call dep_commit,$1);
endef

Note that, like dependency information, this custom fetch method must be written before including erlang.mk.

7.3. How deps are fetched and built

The order in which dependencies are fetched and built is well defined. This means that Erlang.mk will get the same applications regardless of the command or options being used.

In tree traversal terms, where the list of dependencies is a tree, Erlang.mk fetches everything using the pre-order traversal method. The steps can be summarized like this, starting from the root application:

1. Fetch all dependencies for the application
2. Build first dependency
3. Build Nth dependency
4. Build last dependency

Every time a dependency is built, these same steps are followed, recursively.

Do note that the first step, fetching all dependencies of an application, is not guaranteed to be ordered. The reason for this is that it is not possible to have the same dependency listed twice in a single application, and therefore there can be no conflicts. Remember, this step only fetches, at no point are different applications built in parallel.

What about conflicts between the dependencies of different applications? Simple. Since builds are ordered, this means that the first version of an application that is fetched will be the one that wins.

This means that if project A depends on projects B and C, in this order, and that both B and C depend on a different version of D, it will always be B’s version of D that wins, because we fetch the dependencies of B before fetching those from C.

Similarly, if project A depends on projects B, C and D, regardless of the order, and A, B and C depend on a different version of D, it will always be A’s version that wins, because we fetch all dependencies of A before fetching those from B or C.

7.4. Fetching and listing dependencies only

You can fetch all dependencies recursively without building anything, with the make fetch-deps command. It follows the same rules described in the section above.

You can list all dependencies recursively, again without building anything, with the make list-deps command. It will obviously need to fetch all dependencies exactly like make fetch-deps. Once everything is fetched, it prints a sorted list of absolute paths to the dependencies.

By default, fetch-deps and list-deps work on the BUILD_DEPS and DEPS lists only. To also fetch/list TEST_DEPS, DOC_DEPS, REL_DEPS and/or SHELL_DEPS, you have two possibilities:

• You can use make fetch-test-deps, make fetch-doc-deps, make fetch-rel-deps and make fetch-shell-deps commands respectively. If you want to list them, you can use make list-test-deps, make list-doc-deps, make list-rel-deps and make list-shell-depsrespectively.
• You can use make fetch-deps or make list-deps with the Makefile variable DEP_TYPESset to a list of dependency types you want. The types are test, doc, rel and shellrespectively. For example, you can list test and doc dependencies with make list-deps DEP_TYPES='test doc'.

Note that only first level ‘TEST_DEPS, `DOC_DEPS, REL_DEPS and SHELL_DEPS are included, not dependencies’ one. In other word, make list-test-deps lists the TEST_DEPS of your project, but not TEST_DEPS of the projects yours depend on.

No matter which method you use, BUILD_DEPS and DEPS are always included.

Internally, the make fetch-* commands store the complete list of dependencies in files named $(ERLANG_MK_RECURSIVE_DEPS_LIST), $(ERLANG_MK_RECURSIVE_TEST_DEPS_LIST),$(ERLANG_MK_RECURSIVE_DOC_DEPS_LIST), $(ERLANG_MK_RECURSIVE_REL_DEPS_LIST) and$(ERLANG_MK_RECURSIVE_SHELL_DEPS_LIST). Those files are simply printed by the make list-*commands.

make list-* commands are made for human beings. If you need the list of dependencies in a Makefile or a script, you should use the content of those files directly instead. The reason is that make fetch-* and make list-* may have unwanted content in their output, such as actual fetching of dependencies.

7.5. Ignoring unwanted dependencies

Sometimes, you may want to ignore dependencies entirely. Not even fetch them. You may want to do this because a project you depend on depends on an application you do not need (like a dependency for building documentation or testing). Or maybe the dependency is already installed on your system.

To ignore a dependency, simply add it to the IGNORE_DEPS variable:

IGNORE_DEPS += edown proper

This will only ignore dependencies that are needed for building. It is therefore safe to write:

IGNORE_DEPS += edown proper
TEST_DEPS = proper

The PropEr application will be fetched as intended when running make tests or make check. It will however not be fetched when running make or make deps.

7.6. Dependencies directory

Dependencies are fetched in $(DEPS_DIR). By default this is the deps directory. You can change this default, but you should only do so if it was not defined previously. Erlang.mk uses this variable to tell dependencies where to fetch their own dependencies.

You will therefore need to use ?= instead of =. Of course, if you know you will never use this project as a dependency, = will work. But to avoid it biting you later on, do this:

DEPS_DIR ?= $(CURDIR)/libs

The $(CURDIR) part is important, otherwise dependencies of dependencies will be fetched in the wrong directory.

Erlang.mk will also export the REBAR_DEPS_DIR variable for compatibility with Rebar build tools, as long as they are recent enough.

7.7. Many applications in one repository

In addition to the dependencies that are fetched, Erlang.mk also allows you to have dependencies local to your repository. This kind of layout is sometimes called multi-application repositories, or repositories with multiple applications.

They work exactly the same as remote dependencies, except:

• They are not fetched
• They are not autopatched
• They are not deleted on make distclean
• They are not automatically added to the application resource file

To properly fill the application resource file and compile apps in the right order, you will need to define the LOCAL_DEPS variable for each relevant application, the same as for OTP applications. Apps can depend on each other in this way, and their compilation order will follow the same rules as regular dependencies in DEPS.

The top-level LOCAL_DEPS variable, if defined, will determine which apps (along with their dependencies) to build, and also which apps should be added to the top-level application resource file, if there is one. This may be useful, for example, for specifying a different set of apps to build for different releases. If LOCAL_DEPS is not defined, then all apps in the $(APPS_DIR) will be built, but none will be automatically added to the top-level application resource file.

If there is a conflict between a local dependency and a remote dependency, then the local dependency always wins; an error will be triggered when trying to fetch the conflicting remote dependency.

To start using dependencies local to the repository, simply create a folder named $(APPS_DIR). By default, this folder is the apps/ directory.

You can use Erlang.mk to bootstrap local dependencies by using the command make new-app or make new-lib. This command will create the necessary directories and bootstrap the application.

For example, to create a full fledged OTP application as a local dependency:

$ make new-app in=webchat

Or, the same as an OTP library:

$ make new-lib in=webchat

Templates also work with local dependencies, from the root directory of the project. You do need however to tell Erlang.mk to create the files in the correct application:

$ make new t=gen_server n=my_server in=webchat

7.8. Repositories with no application at the root level

It’s possible to use Erlang.mk with only applications in $(APPS_DIR), and nothing at the root of the repository. Just create a folder, put the erlang.mk file in it, write a Makefile that includes it, and start creating your applications.

Similarly, it’s possible to have a repository with only dependencies found in $(DEPS_DIR). You just need to create a Makefile and specify the dependencies you want. This allows you to create a repository for handling the building of releases, for example.

7.9. Autopatch

Erlang.mk will automatically patch all the dependencies it fetches. It needs to do this to ensure that the dependencies become compatible with not only Erlang.mk, but also with the version of Erlang.mk that is currently used.

When fetching a dependency, the following operations are performed:

• Fetch the dependency using the configured fetch method
• If it contains a configure.ac or configure.in file, run autoreconf -Wall -vif -I m4
• If it contains a configure script, run it
• Run autopatch on the project

Autopatch first checks if there is any project-specific patch enabled. There are currently two: RABBITMQ_CLIENT_PATCH for the amqp_client dependency, and RABBITMQ_SERVER_PATCH for the rabbit dependency. These are needed only for RabbitMQ versions before 3.6.0 (assuming you are using upstream RabbitMQ, and not a fork).

Otherwise, autopatch performs different operations depending on the kind of project it finds the dependency to be.

• Rebar projects are automatically converted to use Erlang.mk as their build tool. This essentially patches Rebar out, and fixes and converts the project to be compatible with Erlang.mk.
• Erlang.mk projects have their Makefile patched, if necessary, to include the top-level project’s Erlang.mk. This is to ensure that functionality works across all dependencies, even if the dependency’s Erlang.mk is outdated. The patched Makefile can be safely committed if necessary.
• Other Erlang projects get a small Erlang.mk Makefile generated automatically.
• Projects with no source directory and no Makefile get an empty Makefile generated, for compatibility purposes.
• Other projects with no Makefile are left untouched.

You can disable the replacing of the erlang.mk file by defining the NO_AUTOPATCH_ERLANG_MK variable:

NO_AUTOPATCH_ERLANG_MK = 1

You can also disable autopatch entirely for a few select projects using the NO_AUTOPATCH variable:

NO_AUTOPATCH = cowboy ranch cowlib

7.10. Skipping deps

It is possible to temporarily skip all dependency operations. This is done by defining the SKIP_DEPS variable. Use cases include being somewhere with no connection to download them, or perhaps a peculiar setup.

A typical usage would be:

$ make SKIP_DEPS=1

When the variable is defined:

• Dependencies will not be compiled or downloaded when required
• The dependency directory $(DEPS_DIR) will not be removed on make distclean

This variable only applies to remote dependencies.

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/u/258912/blog/1603602