在线正则表达式匹配:http://tool.oschina.net/regex
正则表达式学习:https://c.runoob.com/front-end/854
一、什么是正则表达式?
常见匹配模式
模式 | 描述 |
\w | 匹配字母数字及下划线 |
\W | 匹配非字母数字下划线 |
\s | 匹配任意空白字符,等价于[\t\n\r\f] |
\S | 匹配任意非空字符 |
\d | 匹配任意数字,等价于[0-9] |
\D | 匹配任意非数字 |
\A | 匹配字符串开始 |
\Z | 匹配字符串结束,如果时存在换行,之匹配到换行前的结束字符串 |
\z | 匹配字符串结束 |
\G | 匹配最后匹配完成的位置 |
\n | 匹配一个换行符 |
\t | 匹配一个制表符 |
^ | 匹配字符串的开头 |
$ | 匹配字符串的末尾 |
. | 匹配任意字符,除了换行符,当re.DOTTALL标记被指定时,则可以匹配包括换行符的任意字符 |
[...] | 用来表示一组字符,单独列出:[amk]匹配'a','m'或'k' |
[^...] | 不再[]中的字符,单独列出:[^abc]匹配除了a,b,c之外的字符 |
* | 匹配0个或多个的表达式 |
+ | 匹配1个或多个的表达式 |
? | 匹配0个或1个由前面的正则表达式定义的片段,非贪婪模式 |
(n) | 精确匹配n个前面表达式 |
(n,m) | 匹配n到m次由前面的正则表达式定义的片段,贪婪方式 |
a|b | 匹配a或b |
() | 匹配括号内的表达式,也表示一个组 |
re.match
re.match尝试从字符串的起始位置匹配一个模式,如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话,match()就返回none.
re.match(pattern,string,flags=0)
最常规的匹配
import re
content = 'Hello 123 4567 World_This is a Regex Demo'
print(len(content))
result = re.match('^Hello\s\d{3}\s\d{4}\s\w{10}.*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.span())
泛匹配
import re
content = 'Hello 123 4567 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^Hello.*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.span())
匹配目标
import re
content = 'Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^Hello\s(\d+)\sWorld.*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group(1))
print(result.span())
贪婪匹配
import re
content = 'Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^He.*(\d+).*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group(1))
print(result.span())
非贪婪匹配
import re
content = 'Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^He.*?(\d+).*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group(1))
print(result.span())
匹配模式
import re
content = '''Hello 1234567 World_This
is a Regex Demo'''
result = re.match('^He.*?(\d+).*?Demo$',content,re.S)# .不能匹配换行符,re.S来支持匹配换行符
print(result)
print(result.group(1))
转义
import re
content = 'price is $5.00'
result = re.match('price is \$5\.00',content)
print(result)
总结:尽量使用泛匹配、使用括号得到匹配目标、尽量使用非贪婪模式、有换行符就用re.S
re.search
re.search 扫描整个字符串并返回第一个成功的匹配
import re
content = 'Extra strings Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
result = re.match('Hello.*?(\d+).*?Demo',content)
print(result)
import re
content = 'Extra strings Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
result = re.search('Hello.*?(\d+).*?Demo',content)
print(result)
总结:为了匹配方便,能用search就不用match
匹配练习
import re
html = '''
<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">金典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">金典老歌列表</p>
<ul i="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="6.mp3" singer="邓丽君"><i class="fa fa-user"></i>但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
'''
result = re.search('<li.*?active.*?singer="(.*?)">(.*?)</a>',html,re.S)
if result:
print(result.group(1),result.group(2))
else:
print("ok")
import re
html = '''
<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">金典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">金典老歌列表</p>
<ul i="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="6.mp3" singer="邓丽君"><i class="fa fa-user"></i>但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
'''
result = re.search('<li.*?singer="(.*?)">(.*?)</a>',html,re.S)
if result:
print(result.group(1),result.group(2))
else:
print("ok")
import re
html = '''
<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">金典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">金典老歌列表</p>
<ul i="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="6.mp3" singer="邓丽君"><i class="fa fa-user"></i>但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
'''
result = re.search('<li.*?singer="(.*?)">(.*?)</a>',html)
if result:
print(result.group(1),result.group(2))
else:
print("ok")
re.findall
搜索字符串,一列表形式返回全部能匹配的字串
import re
html = '''
<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">金典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">金典老歌列表</p>
<ul i="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
'''
results = re.findall('<li.*?href="(.*?)".*?singer="(.*?)">(.*?)</a>',html,re.S)
print(results)
print(type(results))
for result in results:
print(result)
print(result[0],result[1],result[2])
import re
html = '''
<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">金典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">金典老歌列表</p>
<ul i="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
'''
results = re.findall('<li.*?>\s*?(<a.*?>)?(\w+)(</a>?\s*?</li)',html,re.S)
print(results)
for result in results:
print(result[1])
re.sub
替换字符串中每一个匹配的子串后返回替换后的字符串
import re
content = 'Extra strings Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
content = re.sub('\d+','',content)
print(content)
import re
content = 'Extra strings Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
content = re.sub('\d+','Reldjaidja',content) # 将\d+所在位置替换成Reldjaidja
print(content)
import re
content = 'Extra strings Hello 1234567 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
content = re.sub('(\d+)',r'\1 8910',content) # \1是将第一个括号里的内容作了替换
print(content)
import re
html = '''
<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">金典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">金典老歌列表</p>
<ul i="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
'''
html = re.sub('<a.*?>|</a>','',html)
print(html)
results = re.findall('<li.*?>(.*?)</li>',html,re.S)
print(results)
for result in results:
print(result.strip())
re.compile
将正则字符串编译成正则表达式对象:
将一个正则表达式串编译成正则对象,以便于复用该匹配模式
import re
content = '''Hello 1234567 World_Tis
is a Regex Demo
'''
# 第一种
pattern = re.compile('Hello.*Demo',re.S)
result = re.match(pattern,content)
print(result)
#第二种
result = re.match('Hello.*Demo',content,re.S)
print(result)
练习:爬去豆瓣图书的图书信息
import requests
import re
content = requests.get('https://book.douban.com').text
pattern = re.compile('<li.*?"cover".*?href="(.*?)".*?title="(.*?)".*?more-meta">.*?"author">(.*?)</span>.*?"year">(.*?)</span>.*?"publisher">(.*?)</span>.*?</li>',re.S)
print(pattern)
results = re.findall(pattern,content)
print(results)
for ret in results:
url,title,author,date,publisher = ret
author = re.sub('\s','',author)
date=re.sub('\s','',date)
publisher=re.sub('\s','',publisher)
print(url,title,author,date,publisher)