Direct I/O，Synchronous I/O的概念

Direct I/O概念：

Direct I/O is a way to avoid entire caching layer in the kernel and send the I/O directly to the disk.

想要使用direct io的模式，可以这样做：

Opens files with O_DIRECT flag.

Synchronous I/O概念：

Synchronous I/O is any I/O (system I/O with or without O_DIRECT, or stream I/O) performed to a file descriptor that was opened using the O_SYNC or O_DSYNC flags.

几个Flag的区别：

O_DIRECT	I/O operations performed against files opened with O_DIRECT bypass the kernel's page cache, writing directly to the storage.
O_SYNC	File data and all file metadata are written synchronously to disk.
O_DSYNC	Only file data and metadata needed to access the file data are written synchronously to disk. Metadata that is not required for retrieving the data of the file may not be written immediately.

参考资料

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What is direct I/O anyway?

http://www.alexonlinux.com/what-is-direct-io-anyway 

Ensuring data reaches disk

https://lwn.net/Articles/457667/