摘要:在ActiveRecord中把数据库表之间的关联关系采用对象间的聚合关系来表现,然而这却带来一系列的性能上的问题。就像我在One-Many中用到的例子Blog,使用Blog.Find(1)查找了一个Blog对象,也许我们只用到它,但事实它却把该Blog所关联的Post对象也读取出来放在了内存中,于是我们就需要有一种方法来实现只在需要Post对象的时候框架再自动读取。另外ActiveRecord只提供了Find(id),FindAll()这样两个静态的查询方法,在我们查询中还远远不够,这方面ActiveRecord为我们提供了HQL语言的支持,同时也可以通过设置Where子句来实现一些简单的查询。
主要内容
1.实现延迟加载
2.使用Where子句
一.实现延迟加载
要实现延迟加载,其实只要在HasMany特性中使用Lazy=true就可以了。来看我们的Blog类是如何声明的:
[ActiveRecord(
"
Blogs
"
)]
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
public
class
Blog : ActiveRecordBase
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
private int _id;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
private String _name;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
private String _author;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
private IList _posts;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
[PrimaryKey(PrimaryKeyType.Identity, "blog_id")]
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
public int Id
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![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
get
{ return _id; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
set
{ _id = value; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
[Property("blog_name")]
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
public String Name
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
get
{ return _name; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
set
{ _name = value; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
[Property("blog_author")]
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
public String Author
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
get
{ return _author; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
set
{ _author = value; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
[HasMany(typeof(Post), Table="posts", ColumnKey="post_blogid",Lazy=true)]
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
public IList Posts
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
get
{ return _posts; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
set
{ _posts = value; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
public static void DeleteAll()
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
DeleteAll( typeof(Blog) );
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
public static Blog[] FindAll()
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
return (Blog[]) FindAll( typeof(Blog) );
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
public static Blog Find(int id)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
return (Blog) FindByPrimaryKey( typeof(Blog), id );
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
可以看到唯一与我们前面声明的Blog类不同的地方就在于下面这句话:
[HasMany(typeof(Post), Table="posts", ColumnKey="post_blogid",Lazy=true)]
现在我们来写一个简单的测试代码:
[Test]
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
public
void
TestLazyLoad()
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![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
//找到Blog对象
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Blog blog = Blog.Find(8);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
string resultName = blog.Name;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
//执行这句话的时候才载入Post对象
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
int resultCount = blog.Posts.Count;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
string expectedName = "Terrylee";
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
int expectedCount = 2;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.IsNotNull(blog);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.AreEqual(expectedName,resultName);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.AreEqual(expectedCount,resultCount);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
测试,红灯!?报出了下面的错误:
ARDemo.OneManyFixture.TestLazyLoad : NHibernate.LazyInitializationException : Failed to lazily initialize a collection - no session
问题出在了我们得到Blog对象后,并没有把当前的Session保存下来,ActiveRecord在实现延迟载入时找不到一个NHibernate的ISession。为了保存当前的Session我们必须使用new SessionScope(),重新修改我们的测试代码之后:
[Test]
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
public
void
TestLazyLoad()
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
using(new SessionScope())
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
//找到Blog对象
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Blog blog = Blog.Find(8);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
string resultName = blog.Name;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
//执行这句话的时候才载入Post对象
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
int resultCount = blog.Posts.Count;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
string expectedName = "Tech Space";
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
int expectedCount = 2;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.IsNotNull(blog);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.AreEqual(expectedName,resultName);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.AreEqual(expectedCount,resultCount);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
现在测试可以正常通过了,大家在使用延迟载入的时候不要忘了new SessionScope()。
二.使用Where子句
在ActiveRecord中实现稍微复杂的一点的查询,我们就不能用使用Find(id),FindAll()这两个静态的方法了,这时就需要使用HQL语句来实现,这个在后续文章中我会专门用一篇文章来介绍。我们也可以使用ActiveRecord来实现一些简单的查询,个人认为,这种查询把条件写在了特性里面,以一种硬编码的方式来实现,灵活性变得很差,使用的情况不是很多。看一个简单的例子,比如我们要查询某人发表的Category为“Castle”的Posts,可以在Blog实体类中添加一个CastlePosts的特性:
[HasMany(
typeof
(Post),Table
=
"
posts
"
, ColumnKey
=
"
post_blogid
"
,Where
=
"
post_categories='Castle'
"
)]
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
public
IList CastlePosts
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
get
{ return _posts; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
set
{ _posts = value; }
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
注意:在
Where
中写条件时所用的
Posts
表的字段名,而不是
Post
实体类对应的属性
编写一个简单的测试代码:
[Test]
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
public
void
TestCondWhere()
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
{
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
//找到Blog对象
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Blog blog = Blog.Find(8);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
//获取Castle的Posts数量
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
int resultCount = blog.CastlePosts.Count;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
int expectedCount = 2;
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.IsNotNull(blog);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
Assert.AreEqual(expectedCount,resultCount);
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
}
这里我们调用CastlePosts得到的就是Category为Castle的Posts。关于延迟加载和使用Where子句就介绍到这儿了。下篇文章介绍如何在RectiveRecord中验证输入数据的有效性。
参考资料
Castle的官方网站http://www.castleproject.org