MySQL在线修改表结构pt-osc
重所周知 MySQL的DDL操作操作是相比比较昂贵的。因为MySQL在修改表期间会阻塞任何读写操作。
基本上业务处于瘫痪。如果数据量较大可能需要好几个小时才能完成,无法容忍这个操作。Percona开发了一系列的工具 Percona Toolkit包,其中有一个工具pt-online-schema-change可以在线执行DDL操作,不会阻塞读写操作从而影响业务程序。当然也有其他的工具 例如 MySQL5.6的online ddl 还有gh-ost 本文主要讲pt-online-schema-change在线修改表结构。
原理部分
环境概述
Percona-Server-5.7.17-11
Percona-toolkit-3.0.3-1.el7.x86_64
表结构
CREATE TABLE `test` (
`id` int(40) NOT NULL,
`name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
操作修改非主键 name字段
一。准备工作
设置当前回话参数 session级别
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb\_lock_wait_timeout'; SET SESSION innodb_lock_wait_timeout=1
SET SESSION lock_wait_timeout=60 SET SESSION wait_timeout=10000
innodb_lock_wait_timeout=1
lock_wait_timeout=60
wait_timeout=10000
2.收集MySQL信息
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version%'
SHOW ENGINES
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_version'
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_stats_persistent'
SELECT @@SERVER_ID
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER()
SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST
SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_running'
SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_running'
SELECT CONCAT(@@hostname, @@port)
SHOW TABLES FROM `test2` LIKE 'test1'
SHOW TRIGGERS FROM `test2` LIKE 'test1'
二 正式开始
1.创建跟旧表一模一样的新表
CREATE TABLE `test2`.`_test1_new` (
`id` int(30) NOT NULL,
`name` char(27) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
2.在新表上修改表结构
ALTER TABLE `test2`.`_test1_new` modify name char(27)
3.创建触发器
CREATE TRIGGER `pt_osc_test2_test1_del` AFTER DELETE ON `test2`.`test1` FOR EACH ROW DELETE IGNORE FROM `test2`.`_test1_new` WHERE `test2`.`_test1_new`.`id` <=> OLD.`id`
#删除操作
CREATE TRIGGER `pt_osc_test2_test1_upd` AFTER UPDATE ON `test2`.`test1` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE IGNORE FROM `test2`.`_test1_new` WHERE !(OLD.`id` <=> NEW.`id`) AND `test2`.`_test1_new`.`id` <=> OLD.`id`;REPLACE INTO `test2`.`_test1_new` (`id`, `name`) VALUES (NEW.`id`, NEW.`name`)
#更新操作
CREATE TRIGGER `pt_osc_test2_test1_ins` AFTER INSERT ON `test2`.`test1` FOR EACH ROW REPLACE INTO `test2`.`_test1_new` (`id`, `name`) VALUES (NEW.`id`, NEW.`name`)
#插入操作
4.插入到旧表
EXPLAIN SELECT `id`, `name` FROM `test2`.`test1` LOCK IN SHARE MODE
IGNORE INTO `test2`.`_test1_new` (`id`, `name`) SELECT `id`, `name` FROM `test2`.`test1` LOCK IN SHARE MODE /*pt-online-schema-change 6291 copy table*/
#有锁操作LOCK IN SHARE MODE
三 收尾工作
SHOW WARNINGS
SELECT @@SERVER_ID
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER()
SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST
SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_running'
ANALYZE TABLE `test2`.`_test1_new` /* pt-online-schema-change */
RENAME TABLE `test2`.`test1` TO `test2`.`_test1_old`, `test2`.`_test1_new` TO `test2`.`test1`
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test2`.`_test1_old`
ROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS `test2`.`pt_osc_test2_test1_del`
DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS `test2`.`pt_osc_test2_test1_upd`
DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS `test2`.`pt_osc_test2_test1_ins`
SHOW TABLES FROM `test2` LIKE '\_test1\_new'
概述
查看收集MySQL信息
创建一个和原表表结构一样的new表 然后在new表中更改表结构。
在原表创建3个触发器 三个触发器分别对应 insert update delete 操作
从原表拷贝数据到new表 拷贝过程中原表进行的写操作都会更新到临时表
copy完成后rename 原表为old表 接着将new表rename原表 最后删除old表和触发器
四 操作注意事项
Read the tool’s documentation
Review the tool’s known “BUGS”
Test the tool on a non-production server
Backup your production server and verify the backups
总结 先看一遍工具文档,用之前先做测试,备份 备份 备份。在执行在线修改表结构的时候,最好选择业务低峰期,不要把old表删掉。
五 pt-osc限制
In most cases the tool will refuse to operate unless a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE INDEX is present in the table. See --alter for details.
The tool refuses to operate if it detects replication filters. See --[no]check-replication-filters for details.
The tool pauses the data copy operation if it observes any replicas that are delayed in replication. See --max-lagfor details.
The tool pauses or aborts its operation if it detects too much load on the server. See --max-load and --critical-load for details.
The tool sets innodb_lock_wait_timeout=1 and (for MySQL 5.5 and newer) lock_wait_timeout=60 so that it is more likely to be the victim of any lock contention, and less likely to disrupt other transactions. These values can be changed by specifying --set-vars.
The tool refuses to alter the table if foreign key constraints reference it, unless you specify --alter-foreign-keys-method.
The tool cannot alter MyISAM tables on “Percona XtraDB Cluster” nodes.
六 注意事项
1.先看一遍工具文档,用之前先做测试,备份 备份 备份。
2.在执行在线修改表结构的时候,最好选择业务低峰期,不要把old表删掉。
3.必须有主键,无法使用,必须有主键,必须有主键,必须有主键,必须有主键。
4.pt-osc如果改变外键约束,拒绝工作,除非指定--alter-foreign-keys-method。
5.操作的时候需要指定字符集 防止乱码。
参考
https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.2/pt-online-schema-change.html
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/tplinux/1933189