Abstract
若abstract base class將某個function設為virtual function後,則該function永世都為virtual function。
Introduction
我以前以為一個virtual function,只要繼承體系中某個class不希望其為virtual,只要不下virtual keyword即可,但這個觀念是錯誤的!!
UML
C++
1
/**/
/*
2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
4
Filename : VirtualAlways.cpp
5
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++
6
Description : Demo virtual feature
7
Release : 05/15/2007 1.0
8
*/
9
#include
<
iostream
>
10![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
11
using
namespace
std;
12![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
13![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class
AbstractBase
{
14
public:
15
virtual void func() = 0;
16
}
;
17![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
18![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class
Derived1st :
public
AbstractBase
{
19
public:
20![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
void func()
{
21
cout << "Derived1st's func" << endl;
22
}
23
}
;
24![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
25![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class
Derived2nd :
public
Derived1st
{
26
public:
27![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
void func()
{
28
cout << "Derived2nd's func" << endl;
29
}
30
}
;
31![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
32![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
int
main()
{
33
AbstractBase& foo1 = Derived1st();
34
AbstractBase& foo2 = Derived2nd();
35
36
foo1.func();
37
foo2.func();
38
}
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
2
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
3
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
4
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
5
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
6
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
7
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
8
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
9
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
10
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
11
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
12
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
13
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
14
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
15
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
16
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
17
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
18
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
19
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
20
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedSubBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
21
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
22
![ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
23
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
24
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
25
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
26
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
27
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedSubBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
28
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
29
![ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
30
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
31
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
32
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
33
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
34
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
35
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
36
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
37
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
38
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
執行結果
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
儘管20行
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
已經沒加virtual了
但27行
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
仍然可以繼續override,且結果也顯示override成功,這顯示了,一旦為virual function,則永世為virtual function。事實上,在UML也反映出這個原則,一個斜體的virtual function被繼承時,到了derived class仍是斜體。
C#雖然語法稍微不同,但原則仍然相同。
C#
1
/**/
/*
2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
4
Filename : AbstractAlways.cs
5
Compiler : Visual Studio 2005 / C# 2.0
6
Description : Demo abstract feature
7
Release : 05/15/2007 1.0
8
*/
9
using
System;
10![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
11![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
abstract
class
AbstractBase
{
12
public abstract void func();
13
}
14![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
15![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class
Derived1st : AbstractBase
{
16![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
override public void func()
{
17
Console.WriteLine("Derived1st's func");
18
}
19
}
20![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
21![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class
Derived2nd : Derived1st
{
22![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
override public void func()
{
23
Console.WriteLine("Derived2nd's func");
24
}
25
}
26![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
27![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class
main
{
28![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
public static void Main()
{
29
AbstractBase foo1 = new Derived1st();
30
AbstractBase foo2 = new Derived2nd();
31
32
foo1.func();
33
foo2.func();
34
}
35
}
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
2
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
3
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
4
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
5
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
6
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
7
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
8
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
9
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
10
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
11
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
12
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
13
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
14
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
15
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
16
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedSubBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
17
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
18
![ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
19
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
20
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
21
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
22
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedSubBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
23
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
24
![ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
25
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
26
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
27
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
28
![ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedSubBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
29
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
30
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
31
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
32
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
33
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
34
![ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
35
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
執行結果
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
11行
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
C#的abstract,就是C++的pure virtual,且必須在class加上abstract。
16行
![ExpandedBlockStart.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![ContractedBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
![InBlock.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![ExpandedBlockEnd.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
C#則規定一定要加上override,C++則不用。
Conclusion
C++和C#僅是語法上的小差異,但精神相同。