一、思路分析:
在之前写拉勾网的爬虫的时候,总是得到下面这个结果(真是头疼),当你看到下面这个结果的时候,也就意味着被反爬了,因为一些网站会有相应的反爬虫措施,例如很多网站会检测某一段时间某个IP的访问次数,如果访问频率太快以至于看起来不像正常访客,它可能就会禁止这个IP的访问:
对于拉勾网,我们要找到职位信息的ajax接口倒是不难(如下图),问题是怎么不得到上面的结果。
要想我们的爬虫不被检测出来,我们可以使用代理IP,而网上有很多提供免费代理的网站,比如西刺代理、快代理、89免费代理等等,我们可以爬取一些免费的代理然后搭建我们的代理池,使用的时候直接从里面进行调用就好了。然后通过观察可以发现,拉勾网最多显示30页职位信息,一页显示15条,也就是说最多显示450条职位信息。在ajax接口返回的结果中可以看到有一个totalCount字段,而这个字段表示的就是查询结果的数量,获取到这个值之后就能知道总共有多少页职位信息了。对于爬取下来的结果,保存在MongoDB数据库中。
二、主要代码:
proxies.py(爬取免费代理并验证其可用性,然后生成代理池)
1 import requests
2 import re
3
4
5 class Proxies:
6 def init(self):
7 self.proxy_list = []
8 self.headers = {
9 "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) "
10 "Chrome/45.0.2454.101 Safari/537.36",
11 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, sdch',
12 }
13
14 # 爬取西刺代理的国内高匿代理
15 def get_proxy_nn(self):
16 proxy_list = []
17 res = requests.get("http://www.xicidaili.com/nn", headers=self.headers)
18 ip_list = re.findall('<td>(\d+.\d+.\d+.\d+)</td>', res.text)
19 port_list = re.findall('<td>(\d+)</td>', res.text)
20 for ip, port in zip(ip_list, port_list):
21 proxy_list.append(ip + ":" + port)
22 return proxy_list
23
24 # 验证代理是否能用
25 def verify_proxy(self, proxy_list):
26 for proxy in proxy_list:
27 proxies = {
28 "http": proxy
29 }
30 try:
31 if requests.get('http://www.baidu.com', proxies=proxies, timeout=2).status_code == 200:
32 print('success %s' % proxy)
33 if proxy not in self.proxy_list:
34 self.proxy_list.append(proxy)
35 except:
36 print('fail %s' % proxy)
37
38 # 保存到proxies.txt里
39 def save_proxy(self):
40 # 验证代理池中的IP是否可用
41 print("开始清洗代理池...")
42 with open("proxies.txt", 'r', encoding="utf-8") as f:
43 txt = f.read()
44 # 判断代理池是否为空
45 if txt != '':
46 self.verify_proxy(txt.strip().split('\n'))
47 else:
48 print("代理池为空!\n")
49 print("开始存入代理池...")
50 # 把可用的代理添加到代理池中
51 with open("proxies.txt", 'w', encoding="utf-8") as f:
52 for proxy in self.proxy_list:
53 f.write(proxy + "\n")
54
55
56 if name == 'main':
57 p = Proxies()
58 results = p.get_proxy_nn()
59 print("爬取到的代理数量", len(results))
60 print("开始验证:")
61 p.verify_proxy(results)
62 print("验证完毕:")
63 print("可用代理数量:", len(p.proxy_list))
64 p.save_proxy()
复制代码
在middlewares.py中添加如下代码:
复制代码
1 class LaGouProxyMiddleWare(object):
2 def process_request(self, request, spider):
3 import random
4 import requests
5 with open("具体路径\proxies.txt", 'r', encoding="utf-8") as f:
6 txt = f.read()
7 proxy = ""
8 flag = 0
9 for i in range(10):
10 proxy = random.choice(txt.split('\n'))
11 proxies = {
12 "http": proxy
13 }
14 if requests.get('http://www.baidu.com', proxies=proxies, timeout=2).status_code == 200:
15 flag = 1
16 break
17 if proxy != "" and flag:
18 print("Request proxy is {}".format(proxy))
19 request.meta["proxy"] = "http://" + proxy
20 else:
21 print("没有可用的IP!")
然后还要在settings.py中添加如下代码,这样就能使用代理IP了:
1 SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
2 'LaGou.middlewares.LaGouProxyMiddleWare': 543,
3 }
在item.py中添加如下代码:
1 import scrapy
2
3
4 class LaGouItem(scrapy.Item):
5 city = scrapy.Field() # 城市
6 salary = scrapy.Field() # 薪水
7 position = scrapy.Field() # 职位
8 education = scrapy.Field() # 学历要求
9 company_name = scrapy.Field() # 公司名称
10 company_size = scrapy.Field() # 公司规模
11 finance_stage = scrapy.Field() # 融资阶段
在pipeline.py中添加如下代码:
1 import pymongo
2
3
4 class LaGouPipeline(object):
5 def init(self):
6 conn = pymongo.MongoClient(host="127.0.0.1", port=27017)
7 self.col = conn['Spider'].LaGou
8
9 def process_item(self, item, spider):
10 self.col.insert(dict(item))
11 return item
在spiders文件夹下新建一个spider.py,代码如下:
1 import json
2 import scrapy
3 import codecs
4 import requests
5 from time import sleep
6 from LaGou.items import LaGouItem
7
8
9 class LaGouSpider(scrapy.Spider):
10 name = "LaGouSpider"
11
12 def startrequests(self):
13 # city = input("请输入城市:")
14 # position = input("请输入职位方向:")
15 city = "上海"
16 position = "python"
17 url = "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/positionAjax.json?px=default&needAddtionalResult=false&city={}".format(city)
18 headers = {
19 "Referer": "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list{}?city={}&cl=false&fromSearch=true&labelWords=&suginput=".format(codecs.encode(position, 'utf-8'), codecs.encode(city, 'utf-8')),
20 "Cookie": "_ga=GA1.2.2138387296.1533785827; user_trace_token=20180809113708-7e257026-9b85-11e8-b9bb-525400f775ce; LGUID=20180809113708-7e25732e-9b85-11e8-b9bb-525400f775ce; index_location_city=%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89; LGSID=20180818204040-ea6a6ba4-a2e3-11e8-a9f6-5254005c3644; JSESSIONID=ABAAABAAAGFABEFFF09D504261EB56E3CCC780FB4358A5E; Hm_lvt_4233e74dff0ae5bd0a3d81c6ccf756e6=1534294825,1534596041,1534596389,1534597802; TG-TRACK-CODE=search_code; Hm_lpvt_4233e74dff0ae5bd0a3d81c6ccf756e6=1534599373; LGRID=20180818213613-acc3ccc9-a2eb-11e8-9251-525400f775ce; SEARCH_ID=f20ec0fa318244f7bcc0dd981f43d5fe",
21 "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.89 Safari/537.36"
22 }
23 data = {
24 "first": "true",
25 "pn": 1,
26 "kd": position
27 }
28 res = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=data)
29 # 获取相关职位结果数目
30 count = res.json()['content']['positionResult']['totalCount']
31 # 由于最多显示30页,也就是最多显示450条职位信息
32 page_count = count // 15 + 1 if count <= 450 else 30
33 for i in range(page_count):
34 sleep(5)
35 yield scrapy.FormRequest(
36 url=url,
37 formdata={
38 "first": "true",
39 "pn": str(i + 1),
40 "kd": position
41 },
42 callback=self.parse
43 )
44
45 def parse(self, response):
46 try:
47 # 解码并转成json格式
48 js = json.loads(response.body.decode('utf-8'))
49 result = js['content']['positionResult']['result']
50 item = LaGouItem()
51 for i in result:
52 item['city'] = i['city']
53 item['salary'] = i['salary']
54 item['position'] = i['positionName']
55 item['education'] = i['education']
56 item['company_name'] = i['companyFullName']
57 item['company_size'] = i['companySize']
58 item['finance_stage'] = i['financeStage']
59 yield item
60 except:
61 print(response.body)
三、运行结果:
由于使用的是免费代理,短时间内就失效了,所以会碰上爬取不到数据的情况,所以推荐使用付费代理。
完整代码已上传到GitHub:https://github.com/QAQ112233/LaGou
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/14073953/2317166