1.shutdown ---> nomount
[oracle@db253 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Thu Jun 13 09:42:44 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SYS@orcl11g> startup nomount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 422670336 bytes
Fixed Size 1345380 bytes
Variable Size 318769308 bytes
Database Buffers 96468992 bytes
Redo Buffers 6086656 bytes
SYS@orcl11g>
通过数据字典确定数据库状态：
SYS@orcl11g> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME STATUS
---------------- ------------
orcl11g STARTED
通过系统命令，能看到当前启动了数据库进程：
[oracle@db253 ~]$ ps -ef | grep ora_
oracle 5263 1 0 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_pmon_orcl11g
oracle 5265 1 0 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_psp0_orcl11g
oracle 5267 1 0 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_vktm_orcl11g
oracle 5271 1 0 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_gen0_orcl11g
oracle 5273 1 0 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_diag_orcl11g
oracle 5275 1 0 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbrm_orcl11g
oracle 5277 1 0 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_dia0_orcl11g
oracle 5279 1 2 09:43 ? 00:00:00 ora_mman_orcl11g
。。。。。
[oracle@db253 ~]$ ipcs
------ Shared Memory Segments --------
key shmid owner perms bytes nattch status
0x00000000 52953099 oracle 640 4096 0
0x00000000 52985868 oracle 640 4096 0
0x1fbbfcb0 53018637 oracle 640 4096 0
------ Semaphore Arrays --------
key semid owner perms nsems
0xa852a794 884736 oracle 640 154
------ Message Queues --------
key msqid owner perms used-bytes messages
从shutdown到nomount状态，系统做了哪些事情？
1.启动后台进程
2.分配共享内存给oracle进程
3.将启动过程，详细记录在oracle的alert日志文件中
[oracle@db253 trace]$ ls alert_orcl11g.log
alert_orcl11g.log
[oracle@db253 trace]$ pwd
/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl11g/orcl11g/trace
需要哪些条件，oracle能够启动到nomount状态？
1.需要oracle的参数文件
2.注意ORACLE_SID和参数文件的匹配关系
参数文件的位置：
[oracle@db253 trace]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs --类unix系统
$ORACLE_HOME/database --windows系统
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ ls
hc_orcl11g.dat init.ora lkORCL11G orapworcl11g spfileorcl11g.ora
spfileorcl11g.ora
:服务器参数文件 server parameter file
：参数文件的构成： spfile<$ORACLE_SID>.ora
：参数文件的类型：
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ file spfileorcl11g.ora
spfileorcl11g.ora: data
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
orcl11g
ORACLE_SID和参数文件的关系：
通过设定的ORACLE_SID，就能够找到对应的参数文件，然后就能启动数据库实例；
参数文件的分类：
1.spfile 服务器参数文件 （data类型）
2.静态参数文件 （文本类型）
静态参数文件的构成：init<$ORACLE_SID>.ora
数据库启动的参数文件的搜索顺序：
spfile<$ORACLE_SID>.ora ---> spfile.ora ---> init<$ORACLE_SID>.ora
如何判断使用的是spfile还是静态参数文件？
SYS@abc> show parameter spfile
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
/db/dbs/spfile.ora
参数文件的问题导致的oracle系统无法启动：
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Thu Jun 13 10:31:45 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SYS@abc> startup;
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db/dbs/initabc.ora'
参数文件之间的转换：
通过spfile构建一个静态参数文件：
SYS@orcl11g> create pfile from spfile;
File created.
SYS@orcl11g> create pfile='/home/oracle/init.ora' from spfile;
File created.
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ ls $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initorcl11g.ora
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db/dbs/initorcl11g.ora
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ file initorcl11g.ora
initorcl11g.ora: ASCII text
还可以通过静态参数文件构建spfile参数文件：
SYS@orcl11g> shutdown immediate;
ORA-01507: database not mounted
ORACLE instance shut down.
SYS@orcl11g> create spfile from pfile;
SYS@orcl11g> create spfile='/tmp/spfileorcl11g.ora' from pfile;
File created.
还可以通过内存的状态，创建一个参数文件：
SYS@orcl11g> create pfile from memory;
File created.
通过一个简单的参数文件就能启动一个实例：
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ vi initabc.ora
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ cat initabc.ora
db_name=abc
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ export ORACLE_SID=abc
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Thu Jun 13 09:59:26 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SYS@abc> startup nomount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 167395328 bytes
Fixed Size 1343640 bytes
Variable Size 113250152 bytes
Database Buffers 50331648 bytes
Redo Buffers 2469888 bytes
SYS@abc>
能够在nomount查看哪些信息?
SYS@orcl11g> l
1 select name,value,isses_modifiable,issys_modifiable from v$parameter
2* where name='nls_date_format'
SYS@orcl11g> /
NAME VALUE ISSES ISSYS_MOD
------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----- ---------
nls_date_format (null) TRUE FALSE
ISSES_MODIFIABLE VARCHAR2(5):表示能否使用alter session修改这个参数，会话级别的参数修改（true/false)
ISSYS_MODIFIABLE VARCHAR2(9):表示这个参数能够在实例级别进行修改
■ IMMEDIATE - 表示可以修改，并且立即生效
■ DEFERRED - 表示可以修改，但是下一个会话生效
■ FALSE - 表示使用spfile参数文件，可以修改，但是，下一次实例启动才生效
参数修改的语法格式：
SYS@orcl11g> alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';
Session altered.
SYS@orcl11g> alter system set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';
alter system set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02096: specified initialization parameter is not modifiable with this
option
表示实例级别的参数修改有修改范围选项：
scope = memory :表示立即生效，但是，仅仅在当前实例生效，重启之后，效果消失；
spfile ：表示修改的效果保存在spfiile文件当中，下一次实例启动才生效
both : 当前实例立即生效，并且重启之后也生效（默认范围）
SYS@orcl11g> alter system set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss' scope=spfile;
System altered.
**********************************************************************
2.从nomount ---> mount状态
从nomount到mount，oracle需要什么条件才能启动mount状态？
需要oracle的控制文件；
需要找到所有的在参数文件文件中，指定的控制文件，并且保证所有的控制文件是有效的和完全一致；
控制文件是多路复用的的。
如何查看在参数文件中指定的控制文件呢？
SYS@orcl11g> show parameter control_files;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_files string /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl11
g/control01.ctl, /u01/app/orac
le/fast_recovery_area/orcl11g/
control02.ctl
从nomount到mount的转换指令：
SYS@orcl11g> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME STATUS
---------------- ------------
orcl11g STARTED
SYS@orcl11g> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SYS@orcl11g> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME STATUS
---------------- ------------
orcl11g MOUNTED
控制文件丢失一个副本的情况，以及如何解决？（并捎带转换控制文件位置）
SYS@orcl11g> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 422670336 bytes
Fixed Size 1345380 bytes
Variable Size 318769308 bytes
Database Buffers 96468992 bytes
Redo Buffers 6086656 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
在alert日志当中的报错信息：
ALTER DATABASE MOUNT
ORA-00210: cannot open the specified control file
ORA-00202: control file: '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl11g/control02.ctl'
1.关闭数据库
2.修改参数文件
通过转换方式，修改文本的参数文件；
SYS@orcl11g> shutdown immediate;
SYS@orcl11g> create pfile from spfile;
[oracle@db253 orcl11g]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@db253 dbs]$ vi initorcl11g.ora
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/control02.ctl'
SYS@orcl11g> create spfile from pfile;
或者直接在nomount状态下，修改control_files参数也行
SYS@orcl11g> alter system set control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/control02.ctl' scope=spfile
重新启动实例：
SYS@orcl11g> shutdown abort;
SYS@orcl11g> startup nomount;
3.拷贝完好的控制文件，到指定位置即可
4.alter database mount;
********************************************************************************
3.mount --> open
数据库的数据文件是有效的；
数据库的数据文件和控制文件的状态保持一致，就能够打开数据库（open）；
scn，oralce内部的一种时钟机制；是一连串的递增数字；
如何从mount到open?
SYS@orcl11g> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME STATUS
---------------- ------------
orcl11g MOUNTED
SYS@orcl11g> alter database open;
Database altered.
SYS@orcl11g> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME STATUS
---------------- ------------
orcl11g OPEN
***************************************
数据库的打开模式：
SYS@orcl11g> select name,open_mode from v$database;
NAME OPEN_MODE
--------- --------------------
ORCL11G READ WRITE
正常的模式：读写模式
1.read only 只读模式
SYS@orcl11g> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SYS@orcl11g> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 422670336 bytes
Fixed Size 1345380 bytes
Variable Size 318769308 bytes
Database Buffers 96468992 bytes
Redo Buffers 6086656 bytes
Database mounted.
SYS@orcl11g> alter database open read only;
Database altered.
SYS@orcl11g> select name,open_mode from v$database;
NAME OPEN_MODE
--------- --------------------
ORCL11G READ ONLY
SYS@orcl11g> create table hr.tab0613 as select * from hr.employees;
create table hr.tab0613 as select * from hr.employees
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-16000: database open for read-only access
2.受限打开模式
SYS@orcl11g> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SYS@orcl11g> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 422670336 bytes
Fixed Size 1345380 bytes
Variable Size 318769308 bytes
Database Buffers 96468992 bytes
Redo Buffers 6086656 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SYS@orcl11g>
SYS@orcl11g> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME STATUS
---------------- ------------
orcl11g OPEN
SYS@orcl11g> select name,open_mode from v$database;
NAME OPEN_MODE
--------- --------------------
ORCL11G READ WRITE
SYS@orcl11g> alter system enable restricted session;
System altered.
[oracle@db253 ~]$ sqlplus hr/hr
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Thu Jun 13 11:35:19 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle. All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-01035: ORACLE only available to users with RESTRICTED SESSION privilege
SYS@orcl11g> grant restricted session to hr;
Grant succeeded.
[oracle@db253 ~]$ sqlplus hr/hr
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Thu Jun 13 11:36:27 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
如何取消受限模式：
SYS@orcl11g> alter system disable restricted session;
System altered.
3.静默受限模式
SYS@orcl11g> alter system quiesce restricted;
System altered.
SYS@orcl11g> alter system unquiesce;
System altered.
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/plking/1340595
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