17.1 MySQL主从介绍
MySQL主从又叫做Replication、AB复制。简单讲就是A和B两台机器做主从后,在A上写数据,另外一台B也会跟着写数据,两者数据实时同步的。
MySQL主从是基于binlog的,主上须开启binlog才能进行主从。
主从过程大致有3个步骤:
- 主将更改操作记录到binlog里
- 从将主的binlog事件(sql语句)同步到从本机上并记录在relaylog里
- 从根据relaylog里面的sql语句按顺序执行
三个线程:
- 主上有一个log dump线程,用来和从的I/O线程传递binlog
- 从上有两个线程,其中I/O线程用来同步主的binlog并生成relaylog,另外一个SQL线程用来把relaylog里面的sql语句落地
MySQL主从原理图:
应用环境:备份重要数据、分担主库数据读取压力
17.2准备工作
17.3配置主服务器
主从配置 - 主上操作
安装mysql
修改my.cnf,增加server-id=130和log_bin=aminglinux1
修改完配置文件后,启动或者重启mysqld服务
把mysql库备份并恢复成aming库,作为测试数据
mysqldump -uroot mysql > /tmp/mysql.sql
mysql -uroot -e “create database aming”
mysql -uroot aming < /tmp/mysql.sql
创建用作同步数据的用户
grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@slave_ip identified by 'password';
flush tables with read lock;
show master status;
编辑配置文件/etc/my.cnf并重启服务:
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
……
server-id=132 //自定义
log_bin=DasonCheng1 //指定log前缀
[root@DasonCheng ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL...... SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.................. SUCCESS!
新建一个数据库做准备:
[root@DasonCheng ~]# ls -lt /data/mysql/ //服务重启之后,会生成两个指定前缀的文件;
……
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 20 8月 30 15:52 DasonCheng1.index
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 120 8月 30 15:52 DasonCheng1.000001
……
[root@DasonCheng ~]# cd /data/mysql/
[root@DasonCheng mysql]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 zrlog > /tmp/zrlog.sql //备份一个数据库;
[root@DasonCheng mysql]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "create database Dasontest" //新建一个数据库;
[root@DasonCheng mysql]# mysql -uroot -p123456 Dasontest < /tmp/zrlog.sql //将备份的数据恢复到新建的数据库中;
创建一个用于同步用户:
[root@DasonCheng mysql]# mysql -uroot -p123456
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.8.130' identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
#IP为“从”的IP
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)
#锁定数据表(目的是暂时使其不能继续写,保持现有状态用于同步)
mysql> show master status;
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| DasonCheng1.000001 | 10844 | | | |
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#记住file和position(设置主从同步时会使用)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@DasonCheng mysql]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 Dason > /tmp/Dason.sql
[root@DasonCheng mysql]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 Dason2 > /tmp/Dason2.sql
主从配置 - 从上操作
安装mysql
查看my.cnf,配置server-id=132,要求和主不一样
修改完配置文件后,启动或者重启mysqld服务
把主上aming库同步到从上
可以先创建aming库,然后把主上的/tmp/mysql.sql拷贝到从上,然后导入aming库
mysql -uroot
stop slave;
change master to master_host='', master_user='repl', master_password='', master_log_file='', master_log_pos=xx,
start slave;
还要到主上执行 unlock tables
编辑配置文件并重启
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
……
server-id=130
……
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL...... SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.............................. SUCCESS!
配置完成后将主中备份的数据发送到从中:
[root@localhost ~]# scp 192.168.8.132:/tmp/*.sql /tmp/
The authenticity of host '192.168.8.132 (192.168.8.132)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is 78:22:19:9e:d5:4a:9d:cb:71:54:d7:c0:9a:13:18:9c.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.8.132' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.8.132's password:
Dason2.sql 100% 1259 1.2KB/s 00:00
Dason.sql 100% 1258 1.2KB/s 00:00
zrlog.sql 100% 9864 9.6KB/s 00:00
创建库:
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.
mysql> create database Dason;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> create database Dason2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database zrlog;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
恢复数据库:
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot Dason < /tmp/Dason.sql
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot Dason2 < /tmp/Dason2.sql
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot zrlog < /tmp/zrlog.sql
实现主从同步:
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.
mysql> stop slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)
mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.8.132',master_user='repl',master_password='123456',master_log_file='DasonCheng1.000001',master_log_pos=10844;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.46 sec)
#IP为主的IP;file、pos分别为主的filename和position。
检测主从是否建立成功:
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)
mysql> show slave status\G
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it
[root@DasonCheng mysql]# mysql -uroot -p123456
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.
mysql> unlock tables;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
主从配置搭建完成;
17.5 测试主从
参数:
主服务器上
binlog-do-db= //仅同步指定的库
binlog-ignore-db= //忽略指定库
从服务器上
replicate_do_db=
replicate_ignore_db=
replicate_do_table=
replicate_ignore_table=
replicate_wild_do_table= //如aming.%, 支持通配符%
replicate_wild_ignore_table=
- 注: 进行从服务器的配置时尽量使用参数“replicate_wild_”,使匹配更精确,提升使用性能。
测试:
主服务器:
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_Dasontest |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| event |
+---------------------------+
删除表:
mysql> drop table db;
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_Dasontest |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| event |
+---------------------------+
从服务器:
主服务器删除表之前:
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_Dasontest |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| event |
+---------------------------+
主服务器删除表之后:
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_Dasontest |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| event |
+---------------------------+
配置完成!