貌似HashMap跟ConcurrentHashMap是面试经常考的东西，抽空来简单分析下它的源码
构造函数
/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity * (16) and the default load factor (0.75). */ public HashMap() { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted } /** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and the default load factor (0.75). * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative. */ public HashMap(int initialCapacity) { this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR); } /** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and load factor. * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity * @param loadFactor the load factor * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative * or the load factor is nonpositive */ public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) { if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity); if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY; if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor); this.loadFactor = loadFactor; this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity); }
第二个构造函数是调用了第三个构造函数，第三个构造函数是用用户给定的初始容量和装填因子，初始化threshold和装填因子两个变量，而threshold在代码中的描述如下：
/** * The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor). * * @serial */ // (The javadoc description is true upon serialization. // Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this // field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying // DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.) int threshold;
从英语的字面意思上看，是指下一次map resize之后的大小，而计算的方法是通过tableSizeFor得到
/** * Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity. */ static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) { int n = cap - 1; n |= n >>> 1; n |= n >>> 2; n |= n >>> 4; n |= n >>> 8; n |= n >>> 16; return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1; }
tableSizeFor方法，是将给定的初始容量格式化成2的幂的方法，比如输入4，得到4，输入7得到8。
常用的关于HashMap的操作，主要是put(增，改),get（查）,remove（删），isEmpty（查）
依次来看，首先观察下HashMap是怎么往里面（put）加入数据的：
/** * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old * value is replaced. * * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated * @param value value to be associated with the specified key * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or * <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>. * (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map * previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.) */ public V put(K key, V value) { return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true); } /** * Implements Map.put and related methods * * @param hash hash for key * @param key the key * @param value the value to put * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode. * @return previous value, or null if none */ final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) n = (tab = resize()).length; if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null); else { Node<K,V> e; K k; if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) e = p; else if (p instanceof TreeNode) e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); else { for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { if ((e = p.next) == null) { p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st treeifyBin(tab, hash); break; } if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) break; p = e; } } if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; } } ++modCount; if (++size > threshold) resize(); afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null; }
先来读一下put的函数说明，它是把特定的值（value）和特定的键（key）关联在map中，如果map中之前就已经包含了key，那么之前key对应的值就会被替代
返回的值表示：key之前对应的value值或者null。其中返回null值，有两种情况，1.之前在map中没有这个key存在 2.这个key值之前对应的value值就是null。
具体的代码实现，是调用了putVal方法，因此，接下来查看下putVal方法。
在看putVal方法的时候，先仔细观察下putVal方法的函数签名，前面两个是key和key对应的hash值，第三个表示要put的value，第四个是是否不更改已经存在的值，第五个是是否是
creation模式。前面三个好理解， 根据我们之前，对put方法的解读，我们可以了解到put是要干这么一件事：如果key存在，那我改value；如果key，不存在，我往里面加这个value。总之，要把给定KV 加进map里的,因此，第四个传的肯定是false,第五个是true。回过头来看put调用putVal方法给的值，就没有疑问了。
接着看putVal方法的具体实现：
putVal实现上，第一行代码就出现了Node，第一眼就蒙了，别急，接着看下Node的定义
/** * Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for * TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.) */ static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> { final int hash; final K key; V value; Node<K,V> next; Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) { this.hash = hash; this.key = key; this.value = value; this.next = next; } public final K getKey() { return key; } public final V getValue() { return value; } public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; } public final int hashCode() { return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value); } public final V setValue(V newValue) { V oldValue = value; value = newValue; return oldValue; } public final boolean equals(Object o) { if (o == this) return true; if (o instanceof Map.Entry) { Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o; if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) && Objects.equals(value, e.getValue())) return true; } return false; } }
Node的说明，没看太懂，但它实现的代码很简单，实现了Entry接口，然后是一个链表结构，里面还存在一个next节点
现在回过头看putVal的内容，
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) n = (tab = resize()).length; if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
第一行，申明这种局部变量，紧接着，将table 赋值给tab 判断是否为null，table是一个成员变量，存储Node节点，定义如下：
/** * The table, initialized on first use, and resized as * necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two. * (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow * bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.) */ transient Node<K,V>[] table;
说的是table在第一次使用的时候，初始化，resized为必需的空间，长度始终是2的幂。然后这个变量不可被序列化。第一次调用的时候table等于null，因而tab等于null，所以重新使用resize方法将值赋给tab，并将长度赋值给n.
接着来看resize方法，
/** * Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold. * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move * with a power of two offset in the new table. * * @return the table */ final Node<K,V>[] resize() { Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table; int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length; int oldThr = threshold; int newCap, newThr = 0; if (oldCap > 0) { if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; return oldTab; } else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold } else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold newCap = oldThr; else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY; newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY); } if (newThr == 0) { float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor; newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ? (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE); } threshold = newThr; @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"}) Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap]; table = newTab; if (oldTab != null) { for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) { Node<K,V> e; if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) { oldTab[j] = null; if (e.next == null) newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e; else if (e instanceof TreeNode) ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap); else { // preserve order Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null; Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null; Node<K,V> next; do { next = e.next; if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) { if (loTail == null) loHead = e; else loTail.next = e; loTail = e; } else { if (hiTail == null) hiHead = e; else hiTail.next = e; hiTail = e; } } while ((e = next) != null); if (loTail != null) { loTail.next = null; newTab[j] = loHead; } if (hiTail != null) { hiTail.next = null; newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead; } } } } } return newTab; }
resize方法是初始化table或者double table的大小，如果table为null，那么就用初始容量来赋值给threshold
oldCap的值等于table的长度，oldThr的值等于threshold,我们使用完构造函数初始化的时候，table是null的，因而oldCap为0;而无參构造函数没处理threshold，因而值为0，有參构造函数，将它变成赋值为一个[1,MAXIMUM_CAPACITY]的值。因而，在无參构造函数的时候——————》newCap会被赋值默认初始容量，newThr会被赋值给(默认初始容量与装填因子的乘积)；在有參构造函数的时候－－－－－》只会更改newCap赋值为threshold的值。这两步都更改了newCap的值，如果newThr没有被更改，即threshold>0,将newCap和装填因子的乘积赋给newThr，对边界判定，再重新赋值给threshold。（无參的时候，是将容量复制给threshold,现在在reSize的时候改回来了）如果当table不为空threshold也大于0的时候，边界判定，如果OK，newCap扩大一倍，newThr扩大一倍。最后，再把之前的结果，加入到新newTab中，将oldTab中的元素置为null。
OK先到这里，回到putVal方法tab resize之后，变成16个（初始容量）的Node数组，n等于初始容量。紧接着，看table[(n-1)&hash]是否为空，等于null，将其放置在这个位置上，不为空，那么就需要解决冲突，将其放入到合适的位置。里面有一个变量modCount，定义如下
/** * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g., * rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of * the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException). */ transient int modCount;
表示的是结构修改的次数,好像是用来检测并发修改异常？另外有一点需要注意下当一个bin（桶）装的数据太多的时候，会把Node转成TreeNode, TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8(常量)
else if (p instanceof TreeNode) e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); else { for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { if ((e = p.next) == null) { p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st treeifyBin(tab, hash); break;
}
结合上面转成TreeNode的场景，从下面treeifyBin的代码清楚的看到，它会将对应的桶的节点转成TreeNode，先不看TreeNode的定义，从下面转化的代码，可以猜测到TreeNode除了KV属性，还包括prev(字面意思前一个)，next（下一个），而且显然，他也要继承Node。
/** * Replaces all linked nodes in bin at index for given hash unless * table is too small, in which case resizes instead. */ final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int hash) { int n, index; Node<K,V> e; if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY) resize(); else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) { TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null; do { TreeNode<K,V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null); if (tl == null) hd = p; else { p.prev = tl; tl.next = p; } tl = p; } while ((e = e.next) != null); if ((tab[index] = hd) != null) hd.treeify(tab); } }
TreeNode 简单列举下，代码太长了，就不全列了，TreeNode 应该是一个红黑树实现的
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> { TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree links TreeNode<K,V> left; TreeNode<K,V> right; TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion boolean red; TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) { super(hash, key, val, next); } /** * Returns root of tree containing this node. */ final TreeNode<K,V> root() { for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) { if ((p = r.parent) == null) return r; r = p; } } /** * HashMap.Node subclass for normal LinkedHashMap entries. */ static class Entry<K,V> extends HashMap.Node<K,V> { Entry<K,V> before, after; Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) { super(hash, key, value, next); } }
两个回调函数
afterNodeAccess，afterNodeInsertion，是空函数？这是为啥？留存
// Callbacks to allow LinkedHashMap post-actions void afterNodeAccess(Node<K,V> p) { } void afterNodeInsertion(boolean evict) { }
至此，put方法实现简单的看完了，现在来看get方法
/** * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key. * * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null : * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise * it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.) * * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i> * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}. * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to * distinguish these two cases. * * @see #put(Object, Object) */ public V get(Object key) { Node<K,V> e; return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value; } /** * Implements Map.get and related methods * * @param hash hash for key * @param key the key * @return the node, or null if none */ final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k; if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 && (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) { if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) return first; if ((e = first.next) != null) { if (first instanceof TreeNode) return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key); do { if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) return e; } while ((e = e.next) != null); } } return null; }
get方法的注解挺简单的，大概意思是说返回key对应的value值，如果map中不含有key，那么返回null.注意一点地是，返回null，也有可能是key对应的值，因此，如果需要区分这两种情况，使用
containsKey方法。值得注意的一点,containsKey和get都是调用getNode方法，因此，只需要看它即可，了解二者是怎样区分的。
前面，我们在看put的时候，可以发现KV是存在Node中的，而getNode就是返回这样的Node，当存在样的Node节点的时候，getNode返回这个Key对应的节点，否则返回null。而get之所以区分不开，是因为下面这行代码
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
getNode返回的节点e 为null的时候，(表示不存在),get也返回null。当e不为null的时候，返回e.value。而e.value有可能为null。
remove操作和put操作差不多，它调用的是removeNode
public V remove(Object key) { Node<K,V> e; return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ? null : e.value; } /** * Implements Map.remove and related methods * * @param hash hash for key * @param key the key * @param value the value to match if matchValue, else ignored * @param matchValue if true only remove if value is equal * @param movable if false do not move other nodes while removing * @return the node, or null if none */ final Node<K,V> removeNode(int hash, Object key, Object value, boolean matchValue, boolean movable) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, index; if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 && (p = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) { Node<K,V> node = null, e; K k; V v; if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) node = p; else if ((e = p.next) != null) { if (p instanceof TreeNode) node = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).getTreeNode(hash, key); else { do { if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) { node = e; break; } p = e; } while ((e = e.next) != null); } } if (node != null && (!matchValue || (v = node.value) == value || (value != null && value.equals(v)))) { if (node instanceof TreeNode) ((TreeNode<K,V>)node).removeTreeNode(this, tab, movable); else if (node == p) tab[index] = node.next; else p.next = node.next; ++modCount; --size; afterNodeRemoval(node); return node; } } return null; }
简单总结下：
1. HashMap 的实现方式还是传统的数组＋链表的方式，但是比链表做了一个优化是，当一个桶装的元素过多的时候，他会把其转成一棵红黑树，从而做一个优化。
2. HashMap 的元素是放在table中，但table是一个transient数据，是不包括在序列化中，难道HashMap不支持序列化吗?我们从HashMap的申明，可以看到
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {
显然，它是可以序列化的，这样说来，他就自己重新定义了序列化的方法，我们找到了下面代码
/** * Save the state of the <tt>HashMap</tt> instance to a stream (i.e., * serialize it). * * @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the HashMap (the length of the * bucket array) is emitted (int), followed by the * <i>size</i> (an int, the number of key-value * mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object) * for each key-value mapping. The key-value mappings are * emitted in no particular order. */ private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException { int buckets = capacity(); // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff s.defaultWriteObject(); s.writeInt(buckets); s.writeInt(size); internalWriteEntries(s); } /** * Reconstitute the {@code HashMap} instance from a stream (i.e., * deserialize it). */ private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { // Read in the threshold (ignored), loadfactor, and any hidden stuff s.defaultReadObject(); reinitialize(); if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor); s.readInt(); // Read and ignore number of buckets int mappings = s.readInt(); // Read number of mappings (size) if (mappings < 0) throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal mappings count: " + mappings); else if (mappings > 0) { // (if zero, use defaults) // Size the table using given load factor only if within // range of 0.25...4.0 float lf = Math.min(Math.max(0.25f, loadFactor), 4.0f); float fc = (float)mappings / lf + 1.0f; int cap = ((fc < DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) ? DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY : (fc >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : tableSizeFor((int)fc)); float ft = (float)cap * lf; threshold = ((cap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE); @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"}) Node<K,V>[] tab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[cap]; table = tab; // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap for (int i = 0; i < mappings; i++) { @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") K key = (K) s.readObject(); @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") V value = (V) s.readObject(); putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, false); } } }
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