sLinux系统启动流程
PC: OS(Linux)
POST-->BIOS(Boot Sequence)-->MBR(bootloader,446)-->Kernel-->initrd-->(ROOTFS)/sbin/init(/etc/inittab)
启动的服务不同：
运行级别：0-6 0：halt 1: single user mode, 直接以管理员身份切入， s,S,single 2：multi user mode, no NFS 3: multi user mode, text mode 4：reserved 5: multi user mode, graphic mode 6: reboot
bootloader(MBR)：只有446字节，太小
LILO: LInux LOader GRUB: GRand Unified Bootloader （可以扩展更大内存空间） Stage1: MBR Stage1_5: （识别不同文件系统） Stage2: /boot/grub/
[root@localhost ~]# ll -h /boot/grub/ total 276K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 63 Jun 21 2015 device.map -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 14K Jun 21 2015 e2fs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13K Jun 21 2015 fat_stage1_5 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jun 21 2015 ffs_stage1_5 -rw-------. 1 root root 784 Jun 21 2015 grub.conf -rw-------. 1 root root 789 Jun 21 2015 grub.conf.bak -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jun 21 2015 iso9660_stage1_5 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13K Jun 21 2015 jfs_stage1_5 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 Jun 21 2015 menu.lst -> ./grub.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jun 21 2015 minix_stage1_5 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 15K Jun 21 2015 reiserfs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.4K May 6 2010 splash.xpm.gz #登陆背景图 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 512 Jun 21 2015 stage1 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 124K Jun 21 2015 stage2 #大小远远大于446字节 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jun 21 2015 ufs2_stage1_5 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jun 21 2015 vstafs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 14K Jun 21 2015 xfs_stage1_5 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# rpm -q grub #（查询grub版本） grub-0.97-93.el6.x86_64 [root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2 # initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 #（默认启动第一个内核，从0开始） timeout=5 #（等待用户选择的超时时间，单位为s） splashp_w_picpath=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz #（指定grub背景图片） hiddenmenu #（隐藏选择菜单） password --md5 $1$EHRqC/$Aj8KS9Zc67Plwh77p437r0 #（设置grub密码） title Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 (2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64) #（区别不同内核版本，名称；内核标题，或操作系统名称，字符串，可自由修改） root (hd0,0) #（内核文件所在的设备；对grub而言，所有类型硬盘一律hd，格式为(hd#,N)；hd#, #表示第几个磁盘；最后的N表示对应磁盘的分区） kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 ro root=UUID=57d85756-7680-4c7c-9125-6ad67dae2c45 rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM quiet #（内核文件路径，及传递给内核的参数） initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img #（ramdisk文件路径） [root@localhost ~]#
RedHat5: ramdisk-->initrd
RedHat6: ramfs-->initramfs
下载gimp，遇到在Linux中编译文件时出现:Your intltool is too old. You need intltool 0.35.0 or later
#wget http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/sources/intltool/0.40/intltool-0.40.6.tar.gz （下载地址）
#tar －zxvf intltool-0.40.6.tar.gz #cd intltool-0.40.6 #./configure #这儿也可以指定安装目录，和man目录 #make && make install
无法安装gimp，登陆界面无法修改
生grub-md5-crypt成md5加密密码
[root@localhost ~]# grub-md5-crypt Password: Retype password: $1$EHRqC/$Aj8KS9Zc67Plwh77p437r0 [root@localhost ~]#
grub损坏后，如何修复？（重新安装grub即可）
1、方式一
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda count=1 bs=400^C [root@localhost ~]# grub Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible completions of a device/filename.] grub> root (hd0,0) root (hd0,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83 grub> root (hd1,0) root (hd1,0) Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x83 grub> root (hd2,0) root (hd2,0) Error 21: Selected disk does not exist grub> root (hd0,0) （指定root） root (hd0,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83 grub> grub> setup (hd0) （安装grub，指定硬盘） setup (hd0) Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 27 sectors are embedded. succeeded Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+27 p (hd0,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/grub.conf"... succeeded Done. grub> quit quit [root@localhost ~]# vim /boot/grub/grub.conf # （重装grub后，grub.conf配置正常） [root@localhost ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2 # initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=10 splashp_w_picpath=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz #hiddenmenu password --md5 $1$jpSqC/$mamglM2INvMYRYlxJV4WO/ title hello,cxiong root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 ro root=UUID=57d85756-7680-4c7c-9125-6ad67dae2c45 rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM quiet initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img [root@localhost ~]#
2、方式二
# grub-install --root-directory=/path/to/boot's_parent_dir /PATH/TO/DEVICE （root-directory是指grub所在根，并非/） [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) /dev/mapper/myvg-mylv on /mydir type ext3 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) [root@localhost ~]#
#grub配置文件丢失（出现grub提示符后中止），解决办法 grub> find (hd0,0)/ #（tab键补全，是否可以找到vmlinuz,initrd文件） grub> root (hd#,N) grub> kernel /PATH/TO/KERNEL_FILE root=/dev/hda2 quiet #（指定root目录） grub> initrd /PATH/TO/INITRD_FILE grub> setup(hd0) #（安装grub） grub> boot
如何为新硬盘指定grub
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x4c318e76.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): +20M
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (3-2610, default 2610): q
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (3-2610, default 2610): ^C
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x516e4b73.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +20M
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (5-2610, default 5):
Using default value 5
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (5-2610, default 2610): +512M
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (71-2610, default 71):
Using default value 71
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (71-2610, default 2610): +128M
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 3
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 3 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x516e4b73
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 4 32098+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 5 70 530145 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 71 87 136552+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs /dev/sda1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
8032 inodes, 32096 blocks
1604 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=33030144
4 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs /dev/sda2
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
33200 inodes, 132536 blocks
6626 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=138412032
5 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
6640 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sda3
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 136548 KiB
no label, UUID=c92a2ee3-9697-4a99-b120-f8fde047c58b
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x516e4b73
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 4 32098+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 5 70 530145 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 71 87 136552+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0004cc30
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 39 307200 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 39 2350 18566144 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 2350 2611 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x31e2db75
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdc4 263 2610 18860310 5 Extended
/dev/sdc5 263 524 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdc6 525 1178 5253223+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdc7 1179 1310 1060258+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdc8 1311 1442 1060258+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdc9 1443 1574 1060258+ fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdc10 1575 1706 1060258+ fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdc11 1707 1968 2104483+ fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdc12 1969 2230 2104483+ fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdc13 2231 2492 2104483+ fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/md127: 2168 MB, 2168455168 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 529408 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 524288 bytes / 1048576 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/myvg-mylv: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/boot
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
[root@localhost ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sda #（安装grub）
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /mnt/boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.
(fd0) /dev/fd0
(hd0) /dev/sda
(hd1) /dev/sdb
(hd2) /dev/sdc
[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/boot/
[root@localhost boot]# ls
grub lost+found
[root@localhost boot]# ls grub/
device.map fat_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 stage1 ufs2_stage1_5 xfs_stage1_5
e2fs_stage1_5 ffs_stage1_5 jfs_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 stage2 vstafs_stage1_5
[root@localhost boot]#
[root@localhost boot]#
[root@localhost boot]# vim /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf
[root@localhost boot]# cat /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf
default=0
timeout=5
title fake linux
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz
initrd /initrd.img
[root@localhost boot]# umount /mnt/boot/
umount: /mnt/boot: device is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@localhost boot]# sync
[root@localhost boot]# sync
[root@localhost boot]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/boot/
[root@localhost ~]#
新建虚拟机，挂载IDE硬盘
查看当前运行级别runlevel和who -r
[root@localhost ~]# runlevel N 5 #（N：上一次级别，5：当前级别） [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# who -r run-level 5 2017-03-03 22:54 [root@localhost ~]#
内核设计风格：
RedHat, SUSE
核心：动态加载 内核模块
内核：/lib/modules/“内核版本号命令的目录”/
vmlinuz-2.6.32
/lib/modules/2.6.32/
[root@localhost 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64]# du -sh /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 4.0M /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 #（内核大小为4M） [root@localhost 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64]# du -sh /lib/modules/ 107M /lib/modules/ #（模块大小为107M，大大减少内核所在内存）
[root@localhost ~]# ll /lib/modules/ # （模块所在目录） total 4 drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64]# ll total 3608 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 46 Jun 21 2015 build -> ../../../usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 15 2014 extra drwxr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 kernel -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 604652 Jun 21 2015 modules.alias -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 579321 Jun 21 2015 modules.alias.bin -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1413 Sep 15 2014 modules.block -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 69 Jun 21 2015 modules.ccwmap -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 204307 Jun 21 2015 modules.dep #（模块之间映射关系） -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 296406 Jun 21 2015 modules.dep.bin -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 68 Sep 15 2014 modules.drm -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 665 Jun 21 2015 modules.ieee1394map -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 141 Jun 21 2015 modules.inputmap -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1313 Jun 21 2015 modules.isapnpmap -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 29 Sep 15 2014 modules.modesetting -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1974 Sep 15 2014 modules.networking -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 74 Jun 21 2015 modules.ofmap -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 76447 Sep 15 2014 modules.order -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 452824 Jun 21 2015 modules.pcimap -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6259 Jun 21 2015 modules.seriomap -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 165 Jun 21 2015 modules.softdep -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 239283 Jun 21 2015 modules.symbols -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 301921 Jun 21 2015 modules.symbols.bin -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 852337 Jun 21 2015 modules.usbmap lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Jun 21 2015 source -> build drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 15 2014 updates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 vdso drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 15 2014 weak-updates [root@localhost 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64]# cd kernel/ [root@localhost kernel]# ll total 36 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 arch #（平台） drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 crypto # 加密 drwxr-xr-x. 63 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 drivers #驱动 drwxr-xr-x. 30 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 fs #文件系统 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 kernel # 内核 drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 lib #库 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 mm #内存管理 drwxr-xr-x. 28 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 net #网络 drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 4096 Jun 21 2015 sound # 声卡 [root@localhost kernel]# [root@localhost kernel]# ls drivers/net/ #（所有类型网卡驱动，按需加载） 3c59x.ko bnx2.ko e1000 igb mlx5 ppp_async.ko r8169.ko sundance.ko via-rhine.ko 8139cp.ko bnx2x e1000e igbvf myri10ge ppp_deflate.ko s2io.ko sungem.ko via-velocity.ko 8139too.ko bonding e100.ko ipg.ko natsemi.ko ppp_generic.ko sc92031.ko sungem_phy.ko virtio_net.ko 8390.ko can enic ixgb ne2k-pci.ko ppp_mppe.ko sfc sunhme.ko vmxnet3 acenic.ko cassini.ko epic100.ko ixgbe netconsole.ko pppoe.ko sis190.ko tehuti.ko vxge amd8111e.ko chelsio ethoc.ko ixgbevf netxen pppol2tp.ko sis900.ko tg3.ko vxlan.ko atl1c cnic.ko fealnx.ko jme.ko niu.ko pppox.ko skge.ko tlan.ko wan atl1e cxgb3 forcedeth.ko macvlan.ko ns83820.ko ppp_synctty.ko sky2.ko tulip wimax atlx cxgb4 hyperv macvtap.ko pch_gbe qla3xxx.ko slhc.ko tun.ko wireless b44.ko dl2k.ko i40e mdio.ko pcmcia qlcnic slip.ko typhoon.ko xen-netfront.ko benet dnet.ko i40evf mii.ko pcnet32.ko qlge smsc9420.ko usb bna dummy.ko ifb.ko mlx4 phy r6040.ko starfire.ko veth.ko [root@localhost kernel]#
模拟根切换
chroot: chroot /PATH/TO/TEMPROOT [COMMAND...]
chroot /test/virrrot /bin/bash
[root@localhost ~]# ldd /test/myroot/bin/bash # （显示二进制文件所依赖的共享库） linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff557dd000) libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x0000003ca3600000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x0000003c98a00000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x0000003c98e00000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003c98600000) [root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /test/myroot/lib64 #（64位，创建/lib64） [root@localhost ~]# cp /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 /test/myroot/lib64 [root@localhost ~]# cp /lib64/libdl.so.2 /test/myroot/lib64 [root@localhost ~]# cp /lib64/libc.so.6 /test/myroot/lib64 [root@localhost ~]# cp /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /test/myroot/lib64 [root@localhost ~]# ll /test/myroot/lib64 total 2200 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 156936 Mar 1 19:55 ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1926760 Mar 1 19:55 libc.so.6 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22536 Mar 1 19:54 libdl.so.2 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 138280 Mar 1 19:54 libtinfo.so.5 [root@localhost ~]# ll /test/myroot/bin/ total 920 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 940416 Mar 1 19:44 bash [root@localhost ~]# ll /test/myroot/ total 12 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 1 19:44 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 1 19:46 lib drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 1 19:55 lib64 [root@localhost ~]# chroot /test/myroot/ bash-4.1# ll bash: ll: command not found bash-4.1# cd /bin/ bash-4.1# ls bash: ls: command not found bash-4.1#
单内核：Linux (LWP)
核心：ko(kernel object)
so()
微内核：Windows, Solaris (线程)
chroot: chroot /PATH/TO/TEMPROOT [COMMAND...] chroot /test/virrrot /bin/bash
ldd /PATH/TO/BINARY_FILE：显示二进制文件所依赖的共享库 （查看应用程序的动态链接库）
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/f1yinsky/1904597
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