mysql教程索引值_详解MySQL 索引+explain

mysql视频教程栏目今天着重介绍索引+explain,为需要面试的准备。

74a703860d631cfd788550289b367984.png

一、索引的介绍在mysql中,索引就是数据结构,已经在文件中按照索引进行排序好的结构.

使用索引可以加快我们的查询速度,但是对我们的数据增删改效率会降低.

因为一个网站大部分都是查询,我们主要优化select语句.

二、MySQL中索引的分类普通索引 key

唯一索引 unique key unique key 别名 别名可忽略 别名可忽略

主键索引 primary key(字段)

全文索引myisam引擎支持(只对英文进行索引,mysql版本5.6也支持),sphinx(中文搜索)

混合索引 多个字段组成的索引.如 key key_index(title,email)

三、索引的基本操作

1、给表添加索引create table t_index(

id int not null auto_increment,

title varchar(30) not null default '',

email varchar(30) not null default '',

primary key(id),

unique key uni_email(email) ,

key key_title(title)

)engine=innodb charset=utf8;

查看表

desc tablenamemysql> desc t_index;

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |

| title | varchar(30) | NO | MUL | | |

| email | varchar(30) | NO | UNI | | |

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

查看表的创建语句

show create table tbalename/Gmysql> show create table t_index/G;

ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '/G' at line 1

mysql> show create table t_index\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: t_index

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t_index` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

`email` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

PRIMARY KEY (`id`),

UNIQUE KEY `uni_email` (`email`),

KEY `key_title` (`title`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

2、删除索引删除主键索引

alter table table_name drop primary key;

注意:mysql> alter table t_index drop primary key;

ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

主键不一定是自增长,但是自增长一定是主键。

删除逐渐之前先要把主键索引的自增长去掉。mysql> alter table t_index modify id int not null;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

再来删除主键mysql> alter table t_index drop primary key;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0删除普通和唯一的索引

alter table table_name drop key ‘索引的别名’

实际操作mysql> alter table t_index drop key uni_email;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> alter table t_index drop key key_title;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

3、添加索引alter table t_index add key key_title(title);

alter table t_index add key uni_email(email);

alter table t_index add primary key(id);

4、有无索引对比create table article(

id int not null auto_increment,

no_index int,

title varchar(30) not null default '',

add_time datetime,

primary key(id)

);

插入数据mysql> insert into article(id,title,add_time) values(null,'ddsd1212123d',now());

mysql> insert into article(title,add_time) select title,now() from article;

Query OK, 10 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Records: 10 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> update article set no_index=id;

有无索引查询数据对比mysql> select * from article where no_index=1495298;

+---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| id | no_index | title | add_time |

+---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| 1495298 | 1495298 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

+---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.28 sec)mysql> select * from article where id=1495298;

+---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| id | no_index | title | add_time |

+---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| 1495298 | 1495298 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

+---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.01 sec)

表结构mysql> show create table article\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: article

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1572824 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

四、explain分析

使用explain可以对sql语句进行分析到底有没有使用到索引查询,从而更好的优化它.

我们只需要在select语句前面加上一句explain或者desc.

1、语法

explain|desc select * from tablename \G;

2、分析

用刚才的两个有无索引对比看看mysql> mysql> explain select * from article where no_index=1495298\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE//单表查询

table: article//查询的表名

partitions: NULL

type: ALL//索引的类型,从好到坏的情况是:system>const>range>index>All

possible_keys: NULL//可能使用到的索引

key: NULL//实际使用到的索引

key_len: NULL//索引的长度

ref: NULL

rows: 1307580//可能进行扫描表的行数

filtered: 10.00

Extra: Using where

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specifiedmysql> explain select * from article where id=1495298\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: const//当对主键索引进行等值查询的时候出现const

possible_keys: PRIMARY

key: PRIMARY//实际使用到的所有primary索引

key_len: 4//索引的长度4 = int占4个字节

ref: const

rows: 1//所扫描的行数只有一行

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

3、explain的type项分析

type项从优到差依次排序:system:一般系统表只有一行记录的时候才会出现

const:当对主键值进行等值查询的时候会出现,如where id=666666

range:当对索引的值进行范围查询的时候会出现,如 where id<100000

index:当我们查询的字段恰好是我们索引文件中的值,就会出现

All:最差的一种情况,需要避免.

实际测试mysql> use mysql;

mysql> explain select * from user\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: user

partitions: NULL

type: ALL

possible_keys: NULL

key: NULL

key_len: NULL

ref: NULL

rows: 3

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> use test;

mysql> explain select * from article where id=666666\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: const

possible_keys: PRIMARY

key: PRIMARY

key_len: 4

ref: const

rows: 1

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULLmysql> explain select * from article where id>666666\G;

mysql> explain select * from article where id<666666\G;mysql> explain select id from article \G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: index

possible_keys: NULL

key: PRIMARY

key_len: 4

ref: NULL

rows: 1307580

filtered: 100.00

Extra: Using index

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

如果查询的字段在索引文件存在,那么就会直接从索引文件中进行查询,我们把这种查询称之为索引覆盖查询。

出现all,我们需要避免,因为进行全面扫描。

对于出现all的,可以给该字段增加普通索引查询mysql> alter table article add key key_no_index(no_index);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.92 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

type为ref,应该是关联,但是ref是const

mysql> explain select * from article where no_index=666666\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: ref

possible_keys: key_no_index

key: key_no_index

key_len: 5

ref: const

rows: 1

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

速度飞跃

mysql> select * from article where no_index=666666;

+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| id | no_index | title | add_time |

+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| 666666 | 666666 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:55 |

+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4、使用索引的场景

1、 经常出现在where后面的字段,我们需要给他加索引

2、order by 语句使用索引的优化mysql> explain select * from article order by id\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: index

possible_keys: NULL

key: PRIMARY

key_len: 4

ref: NULL

rows: 1307580

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

mysql> explain select * from article where id >0 order by id\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: range

possible_keys: PRIMARY

key: PRIMARY

key_len: 4

ref: NULL

rows: 653790

filtered: 100.00

Extra: Using where

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

可以看出,即使是使用了索引但是几乎还是全表扫描。

加了where就少了一半

3、针对like的模糊查询索引的优化

where title like ‘%keyword%’ ====>全表扫描

where title like ‘keyword%’ ===>会使用到索引查询

给title加上铺索引mysql> alter table article add key key_index(title);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.16 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> show create table article\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: article

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`),

KEY `key_no_index` (`no_index`),

KEY `key_index` (`title`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1507299 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

因为%没有出现在like关键字查询的最左边,所以可以使用到索引查询

只要是like左边出现了%,就是全表查询mysql> explain select * from article where title like 'a%'\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: range//范围查询

possible_keys: key_index

key: key_index

key_len: 92//

ref: NULL

rows: 1

filtered: 100.00

Extra: Using index condition

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select * from article where title like '%a%'\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: ALL//全表查询

possible_keys: NULL

key: NULL

key_len: NULL

ref: NULL

rows: 1307580

filtered: 11.11

Extra: Using where

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

4、limit语句的索引使用优化

针对于limit语句的优化,我们可以在它前面加order by 索引字段

如果order by的字段是索引,会先去索引文件中查找指定行数的数据mysql> explain select sql_no_cache * from article limit 90000,10 \G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: ALL//全表

possible_keys: NULL

key: NULL

key_len: NULL

ref: NULL

rows: 1307580

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

mysql> explain select sql_no_cache * from article order by id limit 90000,10 \G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: index

possible_keys: NULL

key: PRIMARY//使用到了索引

key_len: 4

ref: NULL

rows: 90010

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

另外一种针对于limit的优化方法:

索引覆盖+延时关联

原理:主要利用索引覆盖查询,把覆盖索引查询返回的id作为与我们要查询记录的id进行相关联,mysql> select sql_no_cache * from article limit 1000000,10;

+---------+----------+----------------+---------------------+

| id | no_index | title | add_time |

+---------+----------+----------------+---------------------+

| 1196579 | 1196579 | ddsd12123123ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196580 | 1196580 | ddsd121231ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196581 | 1196581 | ddsd1212123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196582 | 1196582 | ddsd1123123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196583 | 1196583 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196584 | 1196584 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196585 | 1196585 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196586 | 1196586 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196587 | 1196587 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

| 1196588 | 1196588 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 |

+---------+----------+----------------+---------------------+

10 rows in set, 1 warning (0.21 sec)

mysql> select t1.* from article as t1 inner join (select id as pid from article limit 10000,10) as t2 on t1.id=t2.pid;

+-------+----------+----------------+---------------------+

| id | no_index | title | add_time |

+-------+----------+----------------+---------------------+

| 13058 | 13058 | ddsd12123123ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13059 | 13059 | ddsd121231ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13060 | 13060 | ddsd1212123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13061 | 13061 | ddsd1123123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13062 | 13062 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13063 | 13063 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13064 | 13064 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13065 | 13065 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13066 | 13066 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

| 13067 | 13067 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 |

+-------+----------+----------------+---------------------+

10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5、复合(多列)索引的最左原则(面试经常问)

只要查询的时候出现复合索引的最左边的字段才会使用到索引查询

把article表的no_index和title建立复合索引://给no_index和title创建一个复合索引

mysql> alter table article add key index_no_index_title(no_index,title);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.18 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

//查看创建后的结构

mysql> show create table article\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: article

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`),

KEY `key_no_index` (`no_index`),

KEY `key_index` (`title`),

KEY `index_no_index_title` (`no_index`,`title`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1507299 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//删除no_index和title的索引

mysql> alter table article drop key key_index;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table article drop key key_no_index;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> show create table article\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: article

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`),

KEY `index_no_index_title` (`no_index`,`title`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1507299 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//复合索引使用情况

mysql> explain select * from article where title='ddsd1123d' and no_index=77777\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: ref

possible_keys: index_no_index_title

key: index_no_index_title

key_len: 97

ref: const,const

rows: 1

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select * from article where no_index=77777\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: article

partitions: NULL

type: ref

possible_keys: index_no_index_title

key: index_no_index_title

key_len: 5

ref: const

rows: 1

filtered: 100.00

Extra: NULL

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

五、慢查询日志

1、介绍

我们可以定义(程序员)一个sql语句执行的最大执行时间,如果发现某条sql语句的执行时间超过我们所规定的时间界限,那么这条sql就会被记录下来.

2、慢查询具体操作先开启慢日志查询

查看慢日志配置mysql> show variables like '%slow_query%';

+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

| slow_query_log | OFF |

| slow_query_log_file | /usr/local/mysql/data/caredeMacBook-Pro-slow.log |

+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

开启慢日志查询mysql> set global slow_query_log=on;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

再次检查慢日志配置mysql> show variables like '%slow_query%';

+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

| slow_query_log | ON |

| slow_query_log_file | /usr/local/mysql/data/caredeMacBook-Pro-slow.log |

+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

去mysql配置文件my.ini中指定sql语句的界限时间和慢日志文件的路径

慢日志的名称,默认保存在mysql目录下面的data目录下面

log-slow-queries = 'man.txt'

设置一个界限时间

long-query-time=5

重启

六、profile工具

1、介绍

通过profile工具分析一条sql语句的时间消耗在哪里

2、具体操作开启profile

执行一条SQL,(开启之后执行的所有SQL语句都会被记录下来

,以查看某条sql语句的具体执行时间耗费哪里)

根据query_id查找到具体的SQL

实例://查看profile设置

mysql> show variables like '%profil%';

+------------------------+-------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+------------------------+-------+

| have_profiling | YES |

| profiling | OFF |//未开启状态

| profiling_history_size | 15 |

+------------------------+-------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//开启操作

mysql> set profiling = on;

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//查看是否开启成功

mysql> show variables like '%profil%';

+------------------------+-------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+------------------------+-------+

| have_profiling | YES |

| profiling | ON |//开启成功

| profiling_history_size | 15 |

+------------------------+-------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

具体查询mysql> select * from article where no_index=666666;

+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| id | no_index | title | add_time |

+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

| 666666 | 666666 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:55 |

+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.02 sec)

mysql> show profiles;

+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------+

| Query_ID | Duration | Query |

+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------+

| 1 | 0.00150700 | show variables like '%profil%' |

| 2 | 0.01481100 | select * from article where no_index=666666 |

+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------+

2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> show profile for query 2;

+----------------------+----------+

| Status | Duration |

+----------------------+----------+

| starting | 0.000291 |

| checking permissions | 0.000007 |

| Opening tables | 0.012663 |//打开表

| init | 0.000050 |

| System lock | 0.000009 |

| optimizing | 0.000053 |

| statistics | 0.001566 |

| preparing | 0.000015 |

| executing | 0.000002 |

| Sending data | 0.000091 |//磁盘上的发送数据

| end | 0.000004 |

| query end | 0.000007 |

| closing tables | 0.000006 |

| freeing items | 0.000037 |

| cleaning up | 0.000010 |

+----------------------+----------+

15 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

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