python中什么可变_Python中的可变类型与不可变类型

1.列表操作

1.赋值

>>>ll = ['2', 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2]]

>>> list_from_other = list('Hello Wrold!')

>>> list_from_other

['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'W', 'r', 'o', 'l', 'd', '!']

2.访问

>>> ll[0]

'2'

>>> ll[3]

['hahhah', 2]

>>> ll[3][0]

'hahhah'

>>> ll[-3:-1]

['hello', 8.9]

3.更新

>>> ll[0]=1234567890

>>> ll

[1234567890, 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2]]

>>> ll.append('This is a test!')

>>> ll

[1234567890, 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2], 'This is a test!']

>>> l = ['string', 's', 56]

>>> ll.extend(l)

>>> ll

[1234567890, 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2], 'This is a test!', 'string', 's', 56]

4.删除

>>> del ll[1]

>>> ll

[1234567890, 8.9, ['hahhah', 2], 'This is a test!', 'string', 's', 56]

>>> ll.remove('This is a test!')

>>> ll

[1234567890, 8.9, ['hahhah', 2], 'string', 's', 56]

>>> ll.pop(2)

['hahhah', 2]

>>> ll

[1234567890, 8.9, 'string', 's', 56]

>>> ll.pop()

56

2.序列类型可用的内建函数

>>> alist = [100, 3, 0, 34, 98, 33, 0.3, 54, 23]

1.迭代

>>> for item in alist: #遍历元素

print item

100

3

0

34

98

33

0.3

54

>>> for i in range(len(alist)): #对每个元素进行操作

alist[i] * 2

200

6

0

68

196

66

0.6

108

>>> for index, value in enumerate(alist): #同时返回index和list中的元素

print index, value

0 100

1 3

2 0

3 34

4 98

5 33

6 0.3

7 54

8 23

>>> for i, j in zip(ll, l): #zip()参数可以是dict或tuple，同时输出多个，以最短的为主

print i, j

1234567890 string

8.9 s

string 56

2.len()返回List长度

>>> print len(alist)

9

3.返回List中最大的元素

>>> max(alist)

100

4.返回List中最小的元素

>>> min(alist)

0

5.返回List中元素的和，只有List全部是数字才可以

>>> sum(alist)

345.3

6.sorted()方法返回排序号的序列，有字母时按照ASCⅡ码排序

>>> print sorted(alist)

[0, 0.3, 3, 23, 33, 34, 54, 98, 100]

7.reversed()方法不返回序列，返回一个迭代器

>>> print reversed(alist)

>>> alist

[100, 3, 0, 34, 98, 33, 0.3, 54, 23]

3.序列操作符

>>> alist = [100, 3, 0, 34, 98, 33, 0.3, 54, 23]

1.成员判断符，'in'或者'not in '

>>> 100 in alist

True

>>> 2 in alist

False

>>> 0 not in alist

False

2.切片'[::]'或者'[:]' slice[n:m]开始的位置包括n，结束在m之前，类似左开右闭区间 [n,m)

>>> alist[::2]

[100, 0, 98, 0.3, 23]

>>> alist[2:5:2]

[0, 98]

>>> alist[::-1]

[23, 54, 0.3, 33, 98, 34, 0, 3, 100]

3.重复操作符'*'

>>> ll = ['2', 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2]]

>>> list1 = ll * 2

>>> list1

['2', 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2], '2', 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2]]

4.连接操作符'+'

>>> list2 = alist + ll

>>> list2

[100, 3, 0, 34, 98, 33, 0.3, 54, 23, '2', 'hello', 8.9, ['hahhah', 2]]

4.列表类型内建函数

list.append(obj)

list.extend(seq)

list.remove(obj)

list.pop([index=-1])

list.count(obj)返回一个obj在List中出现的次数

>>> test_list

[100, 3, 0, 34, 98, 33, 0.3, 54, 23, 3, 1234567890, 8.9, 'string', 's']

>>> test_list.count(3)

2

list.index(obj, i=0, j=len(list)) 在i<=k

>>> test_list.index(1234567890)

10

>>> test_list.index(3, 2, len(test_list)) #查找第二个3

9

list.sort()与list.reverse()无返回值

>>> test_list.sort()

>>> test_list

[0, 0.3, 3, 3, 8.9, 23, 33, 34, 54, 98, 100, 1234567890, 's', 'string']

>>> test_list.reverse()

>>> test_list

['string', 's', 1234567890, 100, 98, 54, 34, 33, 23, 8.9, 3, 3, 0.3, 0]

list.insert(index, value)插入元素

>>> test_list.insert(2, 'import this')

>>> test_list

['string', 's', 'import this', 1234567890, 100, 98, 54, 34, 33, 23, 8.9, 3, 3, 0.3, 0]

5.列表解析

列表解析的一般语法：[元素或者元素的操作 迭代(for) 条件(if)]

>>> new_list = [x ** 2 for x in range(0, 10) if x % 2 == 0]

>>> new_list

[0, 4, 16, 36, 64]

6.tuple

tuple可以看做不能改变的list，一旦被定义，不可改变

tuple的创建和访问与list一样，但是tuple不可更新，更新意味着创建新的tuple

tuple不能删除一个元素，只能del atuple全部删除

所有多对象的、逗号分隔的、没有明确用符号定义的，这些集合的默认类型都是tuple

所有返回的多对象的都是元组类型

7.用列表构建其他数据类型

stack：先入后出

#!/usr/bin/env python

#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

stack = [] #建立存储的stack

#进栈

def pushit():

stack.append(raw_input("Please Enter your String : ").strip())

#出栈

def popit():

if len(stack) == 0:

print "Connot pop from an Empty Stack!"

else:

print "Romove [", `stack.pop()`,"] successful!"

#观察栈

def viewstack():

print stack

CMDs = {'u': pushit, 'o': popit, 'v': viewstack}

#菜单

def showmenu():

pr = """

p(U)sh

P(O)p

(V)iew

(Q)uit

Enter choice: """

while True: #执行命令

while True: #接受输入

try:

choice = raw_input(pr).strip()[0].lower()

except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt, IndexError):

choice = 'q'

print '\nYou picked: [%s]' % (choice)

if choice not in 'uovq':

print 'Invalid option, try again'

else:

break

if choice == 'q':

break

CMDs[choice]()

if __name__ == '__main__':

showmenu()

队列：先进先出

#!/usr/bin/env python

#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

queue = []

# 进队列

def enQ():

queue.append(raw_input("Please Enter your String : ").strip())

# 出队列

def delQ():

if len(queue) == 0:

print "Connot pop from an Empty Queue!"

else:

print "Romove [", `queue.pop(0)`, "] successful!" #pop()函数默认为index = -1

# 观察队列

def viewqueue():

print queue

CMDs = {'e': enQ, 'd': delQ, 'v': viewqueue}

# 菜单

def showmenu():

pr = """

(E)nterqueue

(D)delqueue

(V)iew

(Q)uit

Enter choice: """

while True: # 执行命令

while True: # 接收输入

try:

choice = raw_input(pr).strip()[0].lower() # 确保接收输入的第一个非空格字符的小写字母

except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt, IndexError):

choice = 'q'

print '\nYou picked: [%s]' % (choice)

if choice not in 'devq':

print 'Invalid option, try again'

else:

break

if choice == 'q':

break

CMDs[choice]()

if __name__ == '__main__':

showmenu()