基于Java的配置选项,可以使你在不用配置XML的情况下编写大多数的Spring配置。
@Configuration和@Bean注解
带有@Configuration的注解类表示这个类可以使用Spring IoC容器作为bean定义的来源。@Bean注解告诉Spring,一个带有@Bean的注解方法将返回一个对象,该对象应该被注册为在Spring应用程序上下文中的bean。最简单可行的@Configuration类如下所示:
@Configurationpublic classHelloWorldConfig {
@BeanpublicHelloWorld helloWorld(){return newHelloWorld();
}
}
对应XML配置如下:
在这里,带有@Bean注解的方法名称作为bean的ID,它创建并返回实际的bean。你的配置类可以声明多个@Bean。一旦定义了配置类,你就可以使用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext来加载并把他们提供给Spring容器,如下所示:
public static voidmain( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext applicationContext= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(HelloWorldConfig.class);
HelloWorld helloWorld = applicationContext.getBean(HelloWorld.class);
helloWorld.setMessage("Hello World!");
helloWorld.getMessage();
}
当然,你可以加载各种配置类,如下所示:
public static voidmain(String[] args) {
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ctx= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
ctx.register(AppConfig.class, OtherConfig.class);
ctx.register(AdditionalConfig.class);
ctx.refresh();
MyService myService = ctx.getBean(MyService.class);
myService.doStuff();
}
例子:
pom.xml:
4.0.0
com.jsoft.testspring
testjavaconfiguration
0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
jar
testjavaconfiguration
http://maven.apache.org
UTF-8
junit
junit
3.8.1
test
org.springframework
spring-core
4.1.4.RELEASE
org.springframework
spring-context
4.1.4.RELEASE
HelloWorld.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;public classHelloWorld {privateString message;public voidsetMessage(String message){this.message =message;
}public voidgetMessage(){
System.out.println(this.message);
}
}
HelloWorldConfig.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configurationpublic classHelloWorldConfig {
@BeanpublicHelloWorld helloWorld(){return newHelloWorld();
}
}
App.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;/*** Hello world!
**/
public classApp
{public static voidmain( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext applicationContext= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(HelloWorldConfig.class);
HelloWorld helloWorld = applicationContext.getBean(HelloWorld.class);
helloWorld.setMessage("Hello World!");
helloWorld.getMessage();
}
}
测试结果:
Bean的依赖性注入
当Beans依赖对方时,表达这种依赖性非常简单,只要有一个bean方法调用另一个,如下所示:
@Configurationpublic classHelloWorldConfig {
@Beanpublic HelloWorld helloWorld(){
return new HelloWorld(message());
}
@Bean
public String message(){
return new String("Hello World");
}
}
可以看出,有依赖性时直接在类中调用新建的方法即可。
例子:
pom.xml:
4.0.0
com.jsoft.testspring
testjavaconfiguration
0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
jar
testjavaconfiguration
http://maven.apache.org
UTF-8
junit
junit
3.8.1
test
org.springframework
spring-core
4.1.4.RELEASE
org.springframework
spring-context
4.1.4.RELEASE
HelloWorld.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;public classHelloWorld {privateString message;publicHelloWorld(String message){this.message =message;
}public voidgetMessage(){
System.out.println(this.message);
}
}
HelloWorldConfig.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configurationpublic classHelloWorldConfig {
@Beanpublic HelloWorld helloWorld(){
return new HelloWorld(message());
}
@Bean
public String message(){
return new String("Hello World");
}
}
App.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;/*** Hello world!
**/
public classApp
{public static voidmain( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext applicationContext= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(HelloWorldConfig.class);
HelloWorld helloWorld = applicationContext.getBean(HelloWorld.class);helloWorld.getMessage();
}
}
测试结果:
@Import注释
@import注解允许从另一个配置类中加载Bean定义。如下所示:
@Configurationpublic classConfigA {
@BeanpublicA a() {return newA();
}
}
@Configuration
@Import(ConfigA.class)public classConfigB {
@BeanpublicB b() {return newB();
}
}
现在,当实例化上下文时,不需要同时指定ConfigA.class和ConfigB.class,只要ConfigB类需要提供,如下所示:
public static voidmain(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ConfigB.class);
A a= ctx.getBean(A.class);
B b= ctx.getBean(B.class);
}
例子:
pom.xml:
4.0.0
com.jsoft.testspring
testjavaconfiguration
0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
jar
testjavaconfiguration
http://maven.apache.org
UTF-8
junit
junit
3.8.1
test
org.springframework
spring-core
4.1.4.RELEASE
org.springframework
spring-context
4.1.4.RELEASE
HelloWorld.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;public classHelloWorld {privateString message;publicHelloWorld(String message){this.message =message;
}public voidgetMessage(){
System.out.println(this.message);
}
}
HelloWorldConfig.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configurationpublic classHelloWorldConfig {
@Beanpublic HelloWorld helloWorld(){
return new HelloWorld(message());
}
@Bean
public String message(){
return new String("Hello World");
}
}
HelloWorldConfigB.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
@Configuration
@Import(HelloWorldConfig.class)public classHelloWorldConfigB {
@BeanpublicString messageB(){return new String("Hello B");
}
}
App.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;/*** Hello world!
**/
public classApp
{public static voidmain( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext applicationContext= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(HelloWorldConfigB.class);
HelloWorld helloWorld = applicationContext.getBean(HelloWorld.class);helloWorld.getMessage();
}
}
可以看出不用再次引用HelloWorldConfig.java类了。
测试结果:
生命周期回调
@Bean注解支持指定任意的初始化和销毁回调方法,这与Spring元素中的Spring XML的init-method和destroy-method属性非常相似。如下所示:
public classFoo {public voidinit() {
}public voidcleanup() {
}
}
@Configurationpublic classAppConfig {
@Bean(initMethod= "init", destroyMethod = "cleanup" )publicFoo foo() {return newFoo();
}
}
例子:
pom.xml:
4.0.0
com.jsoft.testspring
testjavaconfiguration
0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
jar
testjavaconfiguration
http://maven.apache.org
UTF-8
junit
junit
3.8.1
test
org.springframework
spring-core
4.1.4.RELEASE
org.springframework
spring-context
4.1.4.RELEASE
HelloWorld.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;public classHelloWorld {privateString message;publicHelloWorld(String message){this.message =message;
}public voidgetMessage(){
System.out.println(this.message);
}public void init(){
System.out.println("HelloWorld init");
}
public void cleanup(){
System.out.println("HelloWorld cleanup");
}
}
HelloWorldConfig.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configurationpublic classHelloWorldConfig {
@Bean(initMethod="init",destroyMethod="cleanup")publicHelloWorld helloWorld(){return newHelloWorld(message());
}
@BeanpublicString message(){return new String("Hello World");
}
}
App.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext;/*** Hello world!
**/
public classApp
{public static voidmain( String[] args )
{
AbstractApplicationContext applicationContext= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(HelloWorldConfig.class);
HelloWorld helloWorld= applicationContext.getBean(HelloWorld.class);
helloWorld.getMessage();
applicationContext.registerShutdownHook();
}
}
测试结果:
指定Bean的作用域范围
默认范围是单实例,但是你可以重写带有@Scope注解的方法,如下所示:
@Configurationpublic classAppConfig {
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")publicFoo foo() {return newFoo();
}
}
例子:
pom.xml:
4.0.0
com.jsoft.testspring
testjavaconfiguration
0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
jar
testjavaconfiguration
http://maven.apache.org
UTF-8
junit
junit
3.8.1
test
org.springframework
spring-core
4.1.4.RELEASE
org.springframework
spring-context
4.1.4.RELEASE
HelloWorld.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;public classHelloWorld {privateString message;public voidsetMessage(String message){this.message =message;
}public voidgetMessage(){
System.out.println(this.message);
}
}
HelloWorldConfig.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
@Configurationpublic classHelloWorldConfig {
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")publicHelloWorld helloWorld(){return newHelloWorld();
}
}
@Scope的值和xml中配置的保持一致。
App.java:
packagecom.jsoft.testspring.testjavaconfiguration;importorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;/*** Hello world!
**/
public classApp
{public static voidmain( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext applicationContext= new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(HelloWorldConfig.class);
HelloWorld helloWorld = applicationContext.getBean(HelloWorld.class);
helloWorld.setMessage("Hello World 1!");
helloWorld.getMessage();
HelloWorld helloWorld2 = applicationContext.getBean(HelloWorld.class);
helloWorld2.getMessage();
}
}
测试结果: