linux sh脚本 while,Linux 命令 & shell 脚本之06(for、while、until 命令)

命令格式：

for var in list; do

commands

done

读取列表中的值

$ cat test1

#!/bin/bash

# basic for command

for test in Alabama California Colorado; do

echo The next state is $test

done

$ ./test1

The next state is Alabama

The next state is California

The next state is Colorado

1.1 讀取數組中的值

--------------------------------------------------

for 循環讀取方法

for i in ${variable[@]}; do

# do something....

done

--------------------------------------------------

[oracle@DB02 myshell]$ cat test_array.sh

#!/bin/bash

# basic for command

#

arr=("aa" "bb" "cc")

echo "所有的内容如下：" ${arr[@]}

#数组的下标从0开始

echo "第 2 個 元素值：" ${arr[1]}

echo "数组的长度方法1：" ${#arr[*]}

echo "数组的长度方法2：" ${#arr[@]}

for var in ${arr[@]}; do

echo "打印的内容：" $var

done

[oracle@DB02 myshell]$ ./test_array.sh

所有的内容如下： aa bb cc

第 2 個 元素值： bb

数组的长度方法1： 3

数组的长度方法2： 3

打印的内容： aa

打印的内容： bb

打印的内容： cc

1.2 讀取字典中的值

[oracle@DB02 15]$ cat test_dict.sh

#!/bin/bash

#

echo "shell定义字典"

#必须先声明

declare -A dic

#dic=([key1]="value1" [key2]="value2" [key3]="value3")

dic["key1"]="values1"

dic["key3"]="values3"

dic["key5"]="values5"

#打印指定key的value

echo ${dic["key1"]}

#打印所有key值

echo ${!dic[*]}

#打印所有value

echo ${dic[*]}

#遍历key值

for key in $(echo ${!dic[*]}); do

echo "$key : ${dic[$key]}"

done

---------------------------------------------------------------

[oracle@DB02 15]$ ./test_dict.sh

shell定义字典

values1

key5 key3 key1

values5 values3 values1

key5 : values5

key3 : values3

key1 : values1

读取列表中的复杂值(列表值中含单引号)

有两种办法可解决这个问题：

 使用转义字符(反斜线)来将单引号转义；

 使用双引号来定义用到单引号的值

$ cat test2

#!/bin/bash

# another example of how not to use the for command

for test in I don\'t know if "this'll" work; do

echo "word : $test"

done

$ ./test2

word : I

word : don't

word : know

word : if

word : this'll

word : work

#在第一个有问题的地方添加了反斜线字符来转义don't中的单引号。在第二个有问题的地方将this'll用双引号圈起来。两种方法都能正常辨别出这个值

#for命令用空格来划分列表中的每个值。如果在单独的数据值中有空格，就必须用双引号将这些值圈起来

$ cat test3

#!/bin/bash

# an example of how to properly define values

for test in Nevada "New Hampshire" "New Mexico" "New York"; do

echo "Now going to $test"

done

$ ./test3

Now going to Nevada

Now going to New Hampshire

Now going to New Mexico

Now going to New York

从变量读取列表

$ cat test4

#!/bin/bash

# using a variable to hold the list

list="Alabama Colorado"

list=$list" Connecticut"

for state in $list; do

echo "Have you ever visited $state?"

done

$ ./test4

Have you ever visited Alabama?

Have you ever visited Colorado?

Have you ever visited Connecticut?

从命令读取值 & 更改字段分隔符

默认情况下，bash shell会将下列字符当作字段分隔符：

 空格

 制表符

 换行符

在处理可能含有空格的数据时可以在shell脚本中临时更改IFS环境变量的值来限制被bash shell当作字段分隔符的字符。

例如，如果你想修改IFS的值，使其只能识别换行符(告诉bash shell在数据值中忽略空格和制表符)，那就必须这么做：

IFS=$'\n'

案例1

$ cat test5b

#!/bin/bash

# reading values from a file

file="states"

IFS=$'\n'

for state in $(cat $file); do

echo "Visit beautiful $state"

done

$ cat states

Alabama

Colorado

Delaware

New York

North Carolina

$ ./test5b

266 第 13 章 更多的结构化命令

Visit beautiful Alabama

Visit beautiful Colorado

Visit beautiful Delaware

Visit beautiful New York

Visit beautiful North Carolina

你要做的就是将IFS的值设为冒号。

IFS=:

如果要指定多个IFS字符，只要将它们在赋值行串起来就行。

IFS=$'\n':;"

这个赋值会将换行符、冒号、分号和双引号作为字段分隔符

用通配符读取目录

应该将$file变量用双引号圈起来。如果不这么做，遇到含有空格的目录名或文件名时就会有错误产生

$ cat test6

#!/bin/bash

# iterate through all the files in a directory

for file in /home/rich/test/*; do

if [ -d "$file" ]; then

echo "$file is a directory"

elif [ -f "$file" ]; then

echo "$file is a file"

fi

done

$ ./test6

/home/rich/test/dir1 is a directory

/home/rich/test/myprog.c is a file

/home/rich/test/testprog.c is a file

6.bash中C语言风格的for循环

基本格式:

for (( variable assignment ; condition ; iteration process ))

do

...

done

or

for (( variable assignment ; condition ; iteration process )); do

...

done

案例

$ cat test8

#!/bin/bash

# testing the C-style for loop

for (( i=1; i <= 5; i++ ))

do

echo "The next number is $i"

done

$ ./test8

The next number is 1

The next number is 2

The next number is 3

The next number is 4

The next number is 5

使用多个变量:

可以为每个变量定义不同的迭代过程。尽管可以使用多个变量，但你只能在for循环中定义一种条件

$ cat test9

270 第 13 章 更多的结构化命令

#!/bin/bash

# multiple variables

for (( a=1, b=10; a <= 10; a++, b-- )); do

echo "$a - $b"

done

$ ./test9

1 - 10

2 - 9

...

9 - 2

10 - 1

while 命令

while命令的格式是：

while test command

do

other commands

done

$ cat test10

#!/bin/bash

# while command test

var1=10

while [ $var1 -gt 0 ]

do

echo $var1

var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ]

done

$ ./test10

10

9

...

2

1

until 命令

until命令的格式如下。

until test commands

do

other commands

done

案例：

$ cat test12

#!/bin/bash

# using the until command

var1=100

until [ $var1 -eq 0 ]

do

echo $var1

var1=$[ $var1 - 25 ]

done

$ ./test12

100

75

50

25

案例-循环处理文件数据

典型的例子是处理/etc/passwd文件中的数据。这要求你逐行遍历/etc/passwd文件，

并将IFS变量的值改成冒号，这样就能分隔开每行中的各个数据段了

#!/bin/bash

# changing the IFS value

IFS.OLD=$IFS

IFS=$'\n'

for entry in $(cat /etc/passwd)

do

echo "Values in $entry –"

IFS=:

for value in $entry

do

echo " $value"

done

done

在运行这个脚本时，你会得到如下输出。

Values in rich:x:501:501:Rich Blum:/home/rich:/bin/bash -

rich

501

501

Rich Blum

/home/rich

/bin/bash

Values in katie:x:502:502:Katie Blum:/home/katie:/bin/bash -

katie

x

506

509

Katie Blum

/home/katie

/bin/bash

break 命令 (用break命令来退出任意类型的循环，包括while和until循环)

10.1 跳出单个循环

$ cat test17

#!/bin/bash

# breaking out of a for loop

for var1 in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

do

if [ $var1 -eq 5 ]

then

break

fi

echo "Iteration number: $var1"

done

echo "The for loop is completed"

./test17

Iteration number: 1

Iteration number: 2

Iteration number: 3

Iteration number: 4

The for loop is completed

$ cat test18

#!/bin/bash

# breaking out of a while loop

var1=1

while [ $var1 -lt 10 ]

do

if [ $var1 -eq 5 ]

then

break

fi

echo "Iteration: $var1"

var1=$[ $var1 + 1 ]

done

echo "The while loop is completed"

$ ./test18

Iteration: 1

Iteration: 2

Iteration: 3

Iteration: 4

The while loop is completed

10.2 跳出内部循环

$ cat test19

#!/bin/bash

# breaking out of an inner loop

for (( a = 1; a < 3; a++ )); do

echo "Outer loop: $a"

for (( b = 1; b < 100; b++ )); do

if [ $b -eq 5 ]

then

break

fi

echo " Inner loop: $b"

done

done

$ ./test19

Outer loop: 1

Inner loop: 1

Inner loop: 2

Inner loop: 3

Inner loop: 4

Outer loop: 2

Inner loop: 1

Inner loop: 2

Inner loop: 3

Inner loop: 4

10.3 跳出外部循环

有时你在内部循环，但需要停止外部循环。break命令接受单个命令行参数值：

break n

其中n指定了要跳出的循环层级。默认情况下，n为1，表明跳出的是当前的循环。如果你将n设为2，

break命令就会停止下一级的外部循环

$ cat test20

#!/bin/bash

# breaking out of an outer loop

for (( a = 1; a < 4; a++ )); do

echo "Outer loop: $a"

for (( b = 1; b < 100; b++ )); do

if [ $b -gt 3 ]

then

break 2

fi

echo " Inner loop: $b"

done

done

$ ./test20

Outer loop: 1

Inner loop: 1

Inner loop: 2

Inner loop: 3

continue 命令

$ cat test21

#!/bin/bash

# using the continue command

for (( var1 = 1; var1 < 15; var1++ ))

do

if [ $var1 -gt 5 ] && [ $var1 -lt 10 ]

then

continue

fi

echo "Iteration number: $var1"

done

$ ./test21

Iteration number: 1

Iteration number: 2

Iteration number: 3

Iteration number: 4

Iteration number: 5

Iteration number: 10

Iteration number: 11

Iteration number: 12

Iteration number: 13

Iteration number: 14

和break命令一样，continue命令也允许通过命令行参数指定要继续执行哪一级循环：

continue n

其中n定义了要继续的循环层级。下面是继续外部for循环的一个例子:

$ cat test22

#!/bin/bash

# continuing an outer loop

for (( a = 1; a <= 5; a++ )); do

echo "Iteration $a:"

for (( b = 1; b < 3; b++ )); do

if [ $a -gt 2 ] && [ $a -lt 4 ]

then

continue 2

fi

var3=$[ $a * $b ]

echo " The result of $a * $b is $var3"

done

done

$ ./test22

Iteration 1:

The result of 1 * 1 is 1

The result of 1 * 2 is 2

Iteration 2:

The result of 2 * 1 is 2

The result of 2 * 2 is 4

Iteration 3:

Iteration 4:

The result of 4 * 1 is 4

The result of 4 * 2 is 8

Iteration 5:

The result of 5 * 1 is 5

The result of 5 * 2 is 10

对循环的输出使用管道或进行重定向

$ cat test23

#!/bin/bash

# redirecting the for output to a file

for (( a = 1; a < 6; a++ )); do

echo "The number is $a"

done > test23.txt

echo "The command is finished."

$ ./test23

The command is finished.

$ cat test23.txt

The number is 1

The number is 2

The number is 3

The number is 4

The number is 5

$ cat test24

#!/bin/bash

# piping a loop to another command

for state in "North Dakota" Connecticut Alabama; do

echo "$state is the next place to go"

done | sort

echo "This completes our travels"

$ ./test24

Alabama is the next place to go

Connecticut is the next place to go

North Dakota is the next place to go

This completes our travels