【leveldb】memtable内存数据库的实现

本文介绍leveldb中内存库memtable的实现。

 

memtable是leveldb中的内存库, 写入的数据都会先写到memtable中,然后通过合库的方式落到磁盘。检索时也是先检索内存库memtable。

1 memtable的数据结构

class MemTable {
 public:
  // MemTables are reference counted.  The initial reference count
  // is zero and the caller must call Ref() at least once.
  explicit MemTable(const InternalKeyComparator& comparator);

  // Increase reference count.
  void Ref() { ++refs_; }

  // Drop reference count.  Delete if no more references exist.
  void Unref() {
    --refs_;
    assert(refs_ >= 0);
    if (refs_ <= 0) {
      delete this;
    }
  }

  typedef SkipList<const char*, KeyComparator> Table;

  KeyComparator comparator_;
  int refs_;
  Arena arena_;
  Table table_;
};

如上,memtable 是由一个 跳表 SkipList实现。使用arena_ 进行内存管理;使用引用计数共享memtable减少内存copy。

2 数据写入

add的时候,将 原始key和value 转换为特定的格式之后,写入 skiplist 。同样的key在 skiplist会被覆盖掉,这个可以看下skiplist的具体实现,所以memtable中不存在相同的key。

void MemTable::Add(SequenceNumber s, ValueType type,
                   const Slice& key,
                   const Slice& value) {
  // Format of an entry is concatenation of:
  //  key_size     : varint32 of internal_key.size()
  //  key bytes    : char[internal_key.size()]
  //  value_size   : varint32 of value.size()
  //  value bytes  : char[value.size()]
  size_t key_size = key.size();
  size_t val_size = value.size();
  size_t internal_key_size = key_size + 8;
  const size_t encoded_len =
      VarintLength(internal_key_size) + internal_key_size +
      VarintLength(val_size) + val_size;
  char* buf = arena_.Allocate(encoded_len);
  char* p = EncodeVarint32(buf, internal_key_size);
  memcpy(p, key.data(), key_size);
  p += key_size;
  EncodeFixed64(p, (s << 8) | type);
  p += 8;
  p = EncodeVarint32(p, val_size);
  memcpy(p, value.data(), val_size);
  assert((p + val_size) - buf == encoded_len);
  table_.Insert(buf);
}

memtable中key和value的内存格式如下:

其中 key_size + 8  和 value_size 这些数值类型的存储,使用的是 变长存储,
具体方法是 将每个字节的最高位作为标志位,最高位=1,表示还需下一个字节;=0,则表示是最后一个字节,
这样,32位的数值最多需要5个字节存储,但是在大多情况下,小数值居多,所以这样一来也可以进行内存压缩,节约内存。这种varint形式的存储方式,应用在很多地方,protobuf中就用到了varint的方法来压缩数字类型的数据。
sequence_num + valuetype 加起来占用8个字节,高7个字节存储sequence_num, 低1个字节存储 valuetype。

valuetype代表了两种操作,一种kTypeValue 代表写入;一种 kTypeDeletion代表删除,删除的动作在合库的时候执行。

 

3 检索

bool MemTable::Get(const LookupKey& key, std::string* value, Status* s) {
  Slice memkey = key.memtable_key();
  Table::Iterator iter(&table_);
  iter.Seek(memkey.data());
  if (iter.Valid()) {
    // entry format is:
    //    klength  varint32
    //    userkey  char[klength]
    //    tag      uint64
    //    vlength  varint32
    //    value    char[vlength]
    // Check that it belongs to same user key.  We do not check the
    // sequence number since the Seek() call above should have skipped
    // all entries with overly large sequence numbers.
    const char* entry = iter.key();
    uint32_t key_length;
    const char* key_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(entry, entry+5, &key_length);
    if (comparator_.comparator.user_comparator()->Compare(
            Slice(key_ptr, key_length - 8),
            key.user_key()) == 0) {
      // Correct user key
      const uint64_t tag = DecodeFixed64(key_ptr + key_length - 8);
      switch (static_cast<ValueType>(tag & 0xff)) {
        case kTypeValue: {
          Slice v = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_ptr + key_length);
          value->assign(v.data(), v.size());
          return true;
        }
        case kTypeDeletion:
          *s = Status::NotFound(Slice());
          return true;
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

检索时输入的key是一个lookupKey对象。lookupKey对象将用户原始key,转为memtable中key存储的方式,其中 memtable_key 包括了key_size + 8 、 key 、 sequence_num + valuetype; user_key 就是原始的key
以 memtable_key 从 skiplist中检索, 将检索到的数据中原始key 和 输入原始key进行比较,当查找到的是 删除 数据时,返回 空结果。

 

 

 

 

 

 

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