signature=0e4fe17f662ea865356bbce681acc37d,WRKY-its structure, evolutionary relationship, DNA-bindin...

WRKY:its structure,evolutionary relationship,DNA-binding selectivity,role in stress tolerance and development of plants

Parinita Agarwal ?M.P.Reddy ?Jitendra Chikara

Received:8July 2010/Accepted:13November 2010/Published online:25November 2010óSpringer Science+Business Media B.V.2010

Abstract The plants during their sessile,autotrophic lifestyle are affected by wide range of environmental signals and regulate complex patterns of gene expression with the help of transcription factors.The WRKY transcription fac-tors are considered as plant-speci?c,however,are also reported in protist,slime mold,fern and pine.The WRKY name is coined from its highly conserved 60amino acid long WRKY domain.These TFs show W box speci?c binding which is also in?uenced by the W box ?anking sequence.During evolution,the family has expanded in different patterns to facilitate distinct cellular,developmental,and physiological role in plants.The WRKY TFs form one of the largest families in ?owering plants,and play a broad spec-trum regulatory role as positive and negative regulators of plant defense regulation,abiotic stresses and also involved in growth and development of plants.

Keywords Abiotic áBiotic áDNA-binding áSenescence áTranscription factor áWRKY

Abbreviations ABA Abscisic acid BTH Benzo-(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid

s -methyl ester

ETI Effector triggered immunity FAC Fatty acid amino acid conjugates GA Gibberelic acid IBA Indole butyric acid INA Isonicotinic acid

ISR

Induced systemic resistance JA

Jasmonic acid

MAMPs Microbe associated molecular patterns Mya Million years ago

NAA Naphthaleneacetic acid

PAMPs Pathogen associated molecular patterns PR Pathogenesis related

PTI PAMP triggered immunity SA Salicyclic acid

SAR Systematic acquired resistance TF/TFs Transcription factor/s UV Ultra violet

2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Introduction

The successful existence of all higher organisms is depen-dent on their ability to co-ordinate complex developmental changes and to sense and respond positively to multifarious environmental conditions.Plants being sessile are adversely affected by environmental conditions in the form of differ-ent abiotic and biotic stresses.Furthermore,the plants in nature do not face a single stress at a time but are subjected to different stresses simultaneously.The ability of the plants to survive and adapt to the various environmental changes is a fascinating process involving a complex series/array of physiological and biochemical mechanisms.Responses to environmental/external cues occur by stimulus–response coupling,a stimulus is ?rst perceived by the cell,a signal is then generated,ampli?ed and transmitted eliciting bio-chemical changes to alleviate stress.A complex network of stress–responsive signal transduction pathways,converge and diverge in co-operation for combating and imparting biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.

P.Agarwal (&)áM.P.Reddy áJ.Chikara

Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute,Council of Scienti?c and Industrial Research,Bhavnagar 364021,India e-mail:Parinitaa@http://www.doczj.com/doc/f6a34d9c52ea551811a6874a.html

Mol Biol Rep (2011)38:3883–3896DOI 10.1007/s11033-010-0504-5