matlab课堂笔记,斯坦福CS231n深度学习课程笔记翻译（一）

1def sign(x):

2 if x > 0:

3 return 'positive'

4 elif x < 0:

5 return 'negative'

6 else:

7 return 'zero'

8for x in [-1, 0, 1]:

9 print sign(x)

10# Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"

我们常常使用可选参数来定义函数：

1def hello(name, loud=False):

2 if loud:

3 print 'HELLO, %s' % name.upper()

4 else:

5 print 'Hello, %s!' % name

6hello('Bob') # Prints "Hello, Bob"

7hello('Fred', loud=True) # Prints "HELLO, FRED!"

函数还有很多内 容，可以查看文档。

类Classes

Python对于类的定义是简单直接的： 1class Greeter(object):

2 # Constructor

3 def __init__(self, name):

4 self.name = name # Create an instance variable

5 # Instance method

6 def greet(self, loud=False):

7 if loud:

8 print 'HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper()

9 else:

10 print 'Hello, %s' % self.name

11g = Greeter('Fred') # Construct an instance of the Greeter class

12g.greet() # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"

13g.greet(loud=True) # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"

更多类的信息请查阅文档。

Numpy

Numpy是Python中用于科学计算的核心库。它提供了高性能的多维数组对象，以及相关工具。

数组Arrays

一个numpy数组是一个由不同数值组成的网格。网格中的数据都是同一种数据类型，可以通过非负整型数的元组来访问。维度的数量被称为数组的阶，数组的大小是一个由整型数构成的元组，可以描述数组不同维度上的大小。

我们可以从列表创建数组，然后利用方括号访问其中的元素：

1import numpy as np

2a = np.array([1, 2, 3]) # Create a rank 1 array

3print type(a) # Prints ""

4print a.shape # Prints "(3,)"

5print a[0], a[1], a[2] # Prints "1 2 3"

6a[0] = 5 # Change an element of the array

7print a # Prints "[5, 2, 3]"

8b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) # Create a rank 2 array

9print b # 显示一下矩阵b

10print b.shape # Prints "(2, 3)"

11print b[0, 0], b[0, 1], b[1, 0] # Prints "1 2 4"

Numpy还提供了很多其他创建数组的方法： 1import numpy as np

2a = np.zeros((2,2)) # Create an array of all zeros

3print a # Prints "[[ 0. 0.]

4 # [ 0. 0.]]"

5b = np.ones((1,2)) # Create an array of all ones

6print b # Prints "[[ 1. 1.]]"

7c = np.full((2,2), 7) # Create a constant array

8print c # Prints "[[ 7. 7.]

9 # [ 7. 7.]]"

10d = np.eye(2) # Create a 2x2 identity matrix

11print d # Prints "[[ 1. 0.]

12 # [ 0. 1.]]"

13e = np.random.random((2,2)) # Create an array filled with random values

14print e # Might print "[[ 0.91940167 0.08143941]

15 # [ 0.68744134 0.87236687]]"

其他数组相关方法，请查看文档。

访问数组

Numpy提供了多种访问数组的方法。

切片：和Python列表类似，numpy数组可以使用切片语法。因为数组可以是多维的，所以你必须为每个维度指定好切片。

1import numpy as np

2# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)

3# [[ 1 2 3 4]

4# [ 5 6 7 8]

5# [ 9 10 11 12]]

6a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])

7# Use slicing to pull out the subarray consisting of the first 2 rows

8# and columns 1 and 2; b is the following array of shape (2, 2):

9# [[2 3]

10# [6 7]]

11b = a[:2, 1:3]

12# A slice of an array is a view into the same data, so modifying it

13# will modify the original array.

14print a[0, 1] # Prints "2"

15b[0, 0] = 77 # b[0, 0] is the same piece of data as a[0, 1]

16print a[0, 1] # Prints "77"

你可以同时使用整型和切片语法来访问数组。但是，这样做会产生一个比原数组低阶的新数组。需要注意的是，这里和MATLAB中的情况是不同的：

1import numpy as np

2# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)

3# [[ 1 2 3 4]

4# [ 5 6 7 8]

5# [ 9 10 11 12]]

6a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])

7# Two ways of accessing the data in the middle row of the array.

8# Mixing integer indexing with slices yields an array of lower rank,

9# while using only slices yields an array of the same rank as the

10# original array:

11row_r1 = a[1, :] # Rank 1 view of the second row of a

12row_r2 = a[1:2, :] # Rank 2 view of the second row of a

13print row_r1, row_r1.shape # Prints "[5 6 7 8] (4,)"

14print row_r2, row_r2.shape # Prints "[[5 6 7 8]] (1, 4)"

15# We can make the same distinction when accessing columns of an array:

16col_r1 = a[:, 1]

17col_r2 = a[:, 1:2]

18print col_r1, col_r1.shape # Prints "[ 2 6 10] (3,)"

19print col_r2, col_r2.shape # Prints "[[ 2]

20 # [ 6]

21 # [10]] (3, 1)"

整型数组访问：当我们使用切片语法访问数组时，得到的总是原数组的一个子集。整型数组访问允许我们利用其它数组的数据构建一个新的数组： 1import numpy as np

2a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])

3# An example of integer array indexing.

4# The returned array will have shape (3,) and

5print a[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 0]] # Prints "[1 4 5]"

6# The above example of integer array indexing is equivalent to this:

7print np.array([a[0, 0], a[1, 1], a[2, 0]]) # Prints "[1 4 5]"

8# When using integer array indexing, you can reuse the same

9# element from the source array:

10print a[[0, 0], [1, 1]] # Prints "[2 2]"

11# Equivalent to the previous integer array indexing example

12print np.array([a[0, 1], a[0, 1]]) # Prints "[2 2]"

整型数组访问语法还有个有用的技巧，可以用来选择或者更改矩阵中每行中的一个元素： 1import numpy as np

2# Create a new array from which we will select elements

3a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])

4print a # prints "array([[ 1, 2, 3],

5 # [ 4, 5, 6],

6 # [ 7, 8, 9],

7 # [10, 11, 12]])"

8# Create an array of indices

9b = np.array([0, 2, 0, 1])

10# Select one element from each row of a using the indices in b

11print a[np.arange(4), b] # Prints "[ 1 6 7 11]"

12# Mutate one element from each row of a using the indices in b

13a[np.arange(4), b] += 10

14print a # prints "array([[11, 2, 3],

15 # [ 4, 5, 16],

16 # [17, 8, 9],

17 # [10, 21, 12]])

布尔型数组访问：布尔型数组访问可以让你选择数组中任意元素。通常，这种访问方式用于选取数组中满足某些条件的元素，举例如下： 1import numpy as np

2a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])

3bool_idx = (a > 2) # Find the elements of a that are bigger than 2;

4 # this returns a numpy array of Booleans of the same

5 # shape as a, where each slot of bool_idx tells

6 # whether that element of a is > 2.

7print bool_idx # Prints "[[False False]

8 # [ True True]

9 # [ True True]]"

10# We use boolean array indexing to construct a rank 1 array

11# consisting of the elements of a corresponding to the True values

12# of bool_idx

13print a[bool_idx] # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"

14# We can do all of the above in a single concise statement:

15print a[a > 2] # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"

为了教程的简介，有很多数组访问的细节我们没有详细说明，可以查看文档。

数据类型

每个Numpy数组都是数据类型相同的元素组成的网格。Numpy提供了很多的数据类型用于创建数组。当你创建数组的时候，Numpy会尝试猜测数组的数据类型，你也可以通过参数直接指定数据类型，例子如下：

1import numpy as np

2x = np.array([1, 2]) # Let numpy choose the datatype

3print x.dtype # Prints "int64"

4x = np.array([1.0, 2.0]) # Let numpy choose the datatype

5print x.dtype # Prints "float64"

6x = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int64) # Force a particular datatype

7print x.dtype # Prints "int64"

更多细节查看 文档。

数组计算

基本数学计算函数会对数组中元素逐个进行计算，既可以利用操作符重载，也可以使用函数方式： 1import numpy as np

2x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)

3y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]], dtype=np.float64)

4# Elementwise sum; both produce the array

5# [[ 6.0 8.0]

6# [10.0 12.0]]

7print x + y

8print np.add(x, y)

9# Elementwise difference; both produce the array

10# [[-4.0 -4.0]

11# [-4.0 -4.0]]

12print x - y

13print np.subtract(x, y)

14# Elementwise product; both produce the array

15# [[ 5.0 12.0]

16# [21.0 32.0]]

17print x * y

18print np.multiply(x, y)

19# Elementwise division; both produce the array

20# [[ 0.2 0.33333333]

21# [ 0.42857143 0.5 ]]

22print x / y

23print np.divide(x, y)

24# Elementwise square root; produces the array

25# [[ 1. 1.41421356]

26# [ 1.73205081 2. ]]

27print np.sqrt(x)

和MATLAB不同，*是元素逐个相乘，而不是矩阵乘法。在Numpy中使用dot来进行矩阵乘法： 1import numpy as np

2x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])

3y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]])

4v = np.array([9,10])

5w = np.array([11, 12])

6# Inner product of vectors; both produce 219

7print v.dot(w)

8print np.dot(v, w)

9# Matrix / vector product; both produce the rank 1 array [29 67]

10print x.dot(v)

11print np.dot(x, v)

12# Matrix / matrix product; both produce the rank 2 array

13# [[19 22]

14# [43 50]]

15print x.dot(y)

16print np.dot(x, y)

Numpy提供了很多计算数组的函数，其中最常用的一个是sum： 1import numpy as np

2x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])

3print np.sum(x) # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"

4print np.sum(x, axis=0) # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"

5print np.sum(x, axis=1) # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"

想要了解更多函数，可以查看文档。

除了计算，我们还常常改变数组或者操作其中的元素。其中将矩阵转置是常用的一个，在Numpy中，使用T来转置矩阵： 1import numpy as np

2x = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])

3print x # Prints "[[1 2]

4 # [3 4]]"

5print x.T # Prints "[[1 3]

6 # [2 4]]"

7# Note that taking the transpose of a rank 1 array does nothing:

8v = np.array([1,2,3])

9print v # Prints "[1 2 3]"

10print v.T # Prints "[1 2 3]"

Numpy还提供了更多操作数组的方法，请查看文档。

广播Broadcasting

广播是一种强有力的机制，它让Numpy可以让不同大小的矩阵在一起进行数学计算。我们常常会有一个小的矩阵和一个大的矩阵，然后我们会需要用小的矩阵对大的矩阵做一些计算。

举个例子，如果我们想要把一个向量加到矩阵的每一行，我们可以这样做：

1import numpy as np

2# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,

3# storing the result in the matrix y

4x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])

5v = np.array([1, 0, 1])

6y = np.empty_like(x) # Create an empty matrix with the same shape as x

7# Add the vector v to each row of the matrix x with an explicit loop

8for i in range(4):

9 y[i, :] = x[i, :] + v

10# Now y is the following

11# [[ 2 2 4]

12# [ 5 5 7]

13# [ 8 8 10]

14# [11 11 13]]

15print y

这样是行得通的，但是当x矩阵非常大，利用循环来计算就会变得很慢很慢。我们可以换一种思路： 1import numpy as np

2# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,

3# storing the result in the matrix y

4x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])

5v = np.array([1, 0, 1])

6vv = np.tile(v, (4, 1)) # Stack 4 copies of v on top of each other

7print vv # Prints "[[1 0 1]

8 # [1 0 1]

9 # [1 0 1]

10 # [1 0 1]]"

11y = x + vv # Add x and vv elementwise

12print y # Prints "[[ 2 2 4

13 # [ 5 5 7]

14 # [ 8 8 10]

15 # [11 11 13]]"

Numpy广播机制可以让我们不用创建vv，就能直接运算，看看下面例子： 1import numpy as np

2# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,

3# storing the result in the matrix y

4x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])

5v = np.array([1, 0, 1])

6y = x + v # Add v to each row of x using broadcasting

7print y # Prints "[[ 2 2 4]

8 # [ 5 5 7]

9 # [ 8 8 10]

10 # [11 11 13]]"

对两个数组使用广播机制要遵守下列规则： 如果数组的秩不同，使用1来将秩较小的数组进行扩展，直到两个数组的尺寸的长度都一样。

如果两个数组在某个维度上的长度是一样的，或者其中一个数组在该维度上长度为1，那么我们就说这两个数组在该维度上是相容的。

如果两个数组在所有维度上都是相容的，他们就能使用广播。

如果两个输入数组的尺寸不同，那么注意其中较大的那个尺寸。因为广播之后，两个数组的尺寸将和那个较大的尺寸一样。

在任何一个维度上，如果一个数组的长度为1，另一个数组长度大于1，那么在该维度上，就好像是对第一个数组进行了复制。

如果上述解释看不明白，可以读一读文档和这个解释。译者注：强烈推荐阅读文档中的例子。

支持广播机制的函数是全局函数。哪些是全局函数可以在文档中查找。

下面是一些广播机制的使用： 1import numpy as np

2# Compute outer product of vectors

3v = np.array([1,2,3]) # v has shape (3,)

4w = np.array([4,5]) # w has shape (2,)

5# To compute an outer product, we first reshape v to be a column

6# vector of shape (3, 1); we can then broadcast it against w to yield

7# an output of shape (3, 2), which is the outer product of v and w:

8# [[ 4 5]

9# [ 8 10]

10# [12 15]]

11print np.reshape(v, (3, 1)) * w

12# Add a vector to each row of a matrix

13x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])

14# x has shape (2, 3) and v has shape (3,) so they broadcast to (2, 3),

15# giving the following matrix:

16# [[2 4 6]

17# [5 7 9]]

18print x + v

19# Add a vector to each column of a matrix

20# x has shape (2, 3) and w has shape (2,).

21# If we transpose x then it has shape (3, 2) and can be broadcast

22# against w to yield a result of shape (3, 2); transposing this result

23# yields the final result of shape (2, 3) which is the matrix x with

24# the vector w added to each column. Gives the following matrix:

25# [[ 5 6 7]

26# [ 9 10 11]]

27print (x.T + w).T

28# Another solution is to reshape w to be a row vector of shape (2, 1);

29# we can then broadcast it directly against x to produce the same

30# output.

31print x + np.reshape(w, (2, 1))

32# Multiply a matrix by a constant:

33# x has shape (2, 3). Numpy treats scalars as arrays of shape ();

34# these can be broadcast together to shape (2, 3), producing the

35# following array:

36# [[ 2 4 6]

37# [ 8 10 12]]

38print x * 2

广播机制能够让你的代码更简洁更迅速，能够用的时候请尽量使用！

Numpy文档

这篇教程涉及了你需要了解的numpy中的一些重要内容，但是numpy远不止如此。可以查阅numpy文献来学习更多。

SciPy

Numpy提供了高性能的多维数组，以及计算和操作数组的基本工具。SciPy基于Numpy，提供了大量的计算和操作数组的函数，这些函数对于不同类型的科学和工程计算非常有用。

熟悉SciPy的最好方法就是阅读文档。我们会强调对于本课程有用的部分。

图像操作

SciPy提供了一些操作图像的基本函数。比如，它提供了将图像从硬盘读入到数组的函数，也提供了将数组中数据写入的硬盘成为图像的函数。下面是一个简单的例子： 1from scipy.misc import imread, imsave, imresize

2# Read an JPEG image into a numpy array

3img = imread('assets/cat.jpg')

4print img.dtype, img.shape # Prints "uint8 (400, 248, 3)"

5# We can tint the image by scaling each of the color channels

6# by a different scalar constant. The image has shape (400, 248, 3);

7# we multiply it by the array [1, 0.95, 0.9] of shape (3,);

8# numpy broadcasting means that this leaves the red channel unchanged,

9# and multiplies the green and blue channels by 0.95 and 0.9

10# respectively.

11img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]

12# Resize the tinted image to be 300 by 300 pixels.

13img_tinted = imresize(img_tinted, (300, 300))

14# Write the tinted image back to disk

15imsave('assets/cat_tinted.jpg', img_tinted)

译者注：如果运行这段代码出现类似ImportError: cannot import name imread的报错，那么请利用pip进行Pillow的下载，可以解决问题。命令：pip install Pillow。

左边是原始图片，右边是变色和变形的图片。

MATLAB文件

函数scipy.io.loadmat和scipy.io.savemat能够让你读和写MATLAB文件。具体请查看文档。

点之间的距离

SciPy定义了一些有用的函数，可以计算集合中点之间的距离。

函数scipy.spatial.distance.pdist能够计算集合中所有两点之间的距离： 1import numpy as np

2from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform

3# Create the following array where each row is a point in 2D space:

4# [[0 1]

5# [1 0]

6# [2 0]]

7x = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0], [2, 0]])

8print x

9# Compute the Euclidean distance between all rows of x.

10# d[i, j] is the Euclidean distance between x[i, :] and x[j, :],

11# and d is the following array:

12# [[ 0. 1.41421356 2.23606798]

13# [ 1.41421356 0. 1. ]

14# [ 2.23606798 1. 0. ]]

15d = squareform(pdist(x, 'euclidean'))

16print d

具体细节请阅读 文档。

函数scipy.spatial.distance.cdist可以计算不同集合中点的距离，具体请查看文档。

Matplotlib

Matplotlib是一个作图库。这里简要介绍matplotlib.pyplot模块，功能和MATLAB的作图功能类似。

绘图

matplotlib库中最重要的函数是Plot。该函数允许你做出2D图形，如下： 1import numpy as np

2import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

3# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on a sine curve

4x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)

5y = np.sin(x)

6# Plot the points using matplotlib

7plt.plot(x, y)

8plt.show() # You must call plt.show() to make graphics appear.

运行上面代码会产生下面的作图：

只需要少量工作，就可以一次画不同的线，加上标签，坐标轴标志等。 1import numpy as np

2import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

3# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves

4x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)

5y_sin = np.sin(x)

6y_cos = np.cos(x)

7# Plot the points using matplotlib

8plt.plot(x, y_sin)

9plt.plot(x, y_cos)

10plt.xlabel('x axis label')

11plt.ylabel('y axis label')

12plt.title('Sine and Cosine')

13plt.legend(['Sine', 'Cosine'])

14plt.show()

可以在文档中阅读更多关于plot的内容。

绘制多个图像

可以使用subplot函数来在一幅图中画不同的东西： 1import numpy as np

2import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

3# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves

4x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)

5y_sin = np.sin(x)

6y_cos = np.cos(x)

7# Set up a subplot grid that has height 2 and width 1,

8# and set the first such subplot as active.

9plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)

10# Make the first plot

11plt.plot(x, y_sin)

12plt.title('Sine')

13# Set the second subplot as active, and make the second plot.

14plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)

15plt.plot(x, y_cos)

16plt.title('Cosine')

17# Show the figure.

18plt.show()

关于subplot的更多细节，可以阅读文档。

图像

你可以使用imshow函数来显示图像，如下所示： 1import numpy as np

2from scipy.misc import imread, imresize

3import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

4img = imread('assets/cat.jpg')

5img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]

6# Show the original image

7plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)

8plt.imshow(img)

9# Show the tinted image

10plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)

11# A slight gotcha with imshow is that it might give strange results

12# if presented with data that is not uint8. To work around this, we

13# explicitly cast the image to uint8 before displaying it.

14plt.imshow(np.uint8(img_tinted))

15plt.show()