Linux 文件比较工具
Linux 文件比较工具的开发为用户提供了一个方便快捷的方式来比较和处理文件差异。它们提高了开发效率，促进了代码审查和质量保证，同时也为用户提供了可定制和扩展的选项，以满足不同的比较需求。
提供文件差异分析和比较功能：文件比较工具使得用户能够方便地比较两个文件或目录之间的差异。这对于软件开发、版本控制、文件同步等场景非常有用。通过比较工具，用户可以快速了解文件的变化，并找出不同之处，从而做出相应的处理。
增强开发者的效率：文件比较工具可以帮助开发者更高效地处理文件差异。它们提供了直观的界面、丰富的功能和友好的操作方式，使得开发者能够迅速定位和解决问题。这有助于减少手动比较的时间和精力消耗，提高开发效率。
支持文件合并和补丁生成：一些文件比较工具还提供了文件合并和补丁生成的功能。开发者可以使用这些工具将两个不同的文件合并为一个文件，或者生成包含文件差异的补丁文件。这对于多人协作开发、代码版本管理等场景非常有用。
促进代码审查和质量保证：文件比较工具在代码审查和质量保证过程中起着重要的作用。通过比较代码文件的差异，团队成员可以更容易地发现潜在的问题、错误或改进点。这有助于提高代码质量、减少潜在的 bug，并促进团队协作和知识共享。
提供可定制性和扩展性：许多文件比较工具提供了可定制和扩展的选项。开发者可以根据自己的需求，选择合适的配置和插件来满足特定的比较需求。这使得文件比较工具具有更广泛的适用性和灵活性。
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文章目录
1. diff
diff 是一个命令行工具，用于比较两个文件的内容并显示它们之间的差异。
diff [选项] <源文件> <目标文件>
常用选项：
-q, --brief：仅显示文件是否不同，不显示具体差异内容。
-r, --recursive：递归比较目录及其子目录下的文件。
-u, --unified[=NUM]：以 Unified diff 格式显示差异，NUM 指定上下文行数，默认为 3。
-c, --context[=NUM]：以 Context diff 格式显示差异，NUM 指定上下文行数，默认为 3。
-i, --ignore-case：忽略大小写进行比较。
-w, --ignore-all-space：忽略所有空白字符进行比较。
-B, --ignore-blank-lines：忽略空行进行比较。
1.1 diff 示例
- 比较两个文件并显示差异的具体内容
diff file1.txt file2.txt
- 仅判断两个文件是否不同，不显示具体差异内容
diff -q file1.txt file2.txt
- 递归比较目录及其子目录下的文件
diff -r dir1 dir2
- 以 Unified diff 格式显示差异
diff -u file1.txt file2.txt
- 忽略大小写进行比较
diff -i file1.txt file2.txt
1.2 diff 详细参数解析
Usage: diff [OPTION]... FILES
Compare FILES line by line.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--normal output a normal diff (the default)
-q, --brief report only when files differ
-s, --report-identical-files report when two files are the same
-c, -C NUM, --context[=NUM] output NUM (default 3) lines of copied context
-u, -U NUM, --unified[=NUM] output NUM (default 3) lines of unified context
-e, --ed output an ed script
-n, --rcs output an RCS format diff
-y, --side-by-side output in two columns
-W, --width=NUM output at most NUM (default 130) print columns
--left-column output only the left column of common lines
--suppress-common-lines do not output common lines
-p, --show-c-function show which C function each change is in
-F, --show-function-line=RE show the most recent line matching RE
--label LABEL use LABEL instead of file name and timestamp
(can be repeated)
-t, --expand-tabs expand tabs to spaces in output
-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up by prepending a tab
--tabsize=NUM tab stops every NUM (default 8) print columns
--suppress-blank-empty suppress space or tab before empty output lines
-l, --paginate pass output through 'pr' to paginate it
-r, --recursive recursively compare any subdirectories found
--no-dereference don't follow symbolic links
-N, --new-file treat absent files as empty
--unidirectional-new-file treat absent first files as empty
--ignore-file-name-case ignore case when comparing file names
--no-ignore-file-name-case consider case when comparing file names
-x, --exclude=PAT exclude files that match PAT
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
-S, --starting-file=FILE start with FILE when comparing directories
--from-file=FILE1 compare FILE1 to all operands;
FILE1 can be a directory
--to-file=FILE2 compare all operands to FILE2;
FILE2 can be a directory
-i, --ignore-case ignore case differences in file contents
-E, --ignore-tab-expansion ignore changes due to tab expansion
-Z, --ignore-trailing-space ignore white space at line end
-b, --ignore-space-change ignore changes in the amount of white space
-w, --ignore-all-space ignore all white space
-B, --ignore-blank-lines ignore changes where lines are all blank
-I, --ignore-matching-lines=RE ignore changes where all lines match RE
-a, --text treat all files as text
--strip-trailing-cr strip trailing carriage return on input
-D, --ifdef=NAME output merged file with '#ifdef NAME' diffs
--GTYPE-group-format=GFMT format GTYPE input groups with GFMT
--line-format=LFMT format all input lines with LFMT
--LTYPE-line-format=LFMT format LTYPE input lines with LFMT
These format options provide fine-grained control over the output
of diff, generalizing -D/--ifdef.
LTYPE is 'old', 'new', or 'unchanged'. GTYPE is LTYPE or 'changed'.
GFMT (only) may contain:
%< lines from FILE1
%> lines from FILE2
%= lines common to FILE1 and FILE2
%[-][WIDTH][.[PREC]]{doxX}LETTER printf-style spec for LETTER
LETTERs are as follows for new group, lower case for old group:
F first line number
L last line number
N number of lines = L-F+1
E F-1
M L+1
%(A=B?T:E) if A equals B then T else E
LFMT (only) may contain:
%L contents of line
%l contents of line, excluding any trailing newline
%[-][WIDTH][.[PREC]]{doxX}n printf-style spec for input line number
Both GFMT and LFMT may contain:
%% %
%c'C' the single character C
%c'\OOO' the character with octal code OOO
C the character C (other characters represent themselves)
-d, --minimal try hard to find a smaller set of changes
--horizon-lines=NUM keep NUM lines of the common prefix and suffix
--speed-large-files assume large files and many scattered small changes
--color[=WHEN] color output; WHEN is 'never', 'always', or 'auto';
plain --color means --color='auto'
--palette=PALETTE the colors to use when --color is active; PALETTE is
a colon-separated list of terminfo capabilities
--help display this help and exit
-v, --version output version information and exit
FILES are 'FILE1 FILE2' or 'DIR1 DIR2' or 'DIR FILE' or 'FILE DIR'.
If --from-file or --to-file is given, there are no restrictions on FILE(s).
If a FILE is '-', read standard input.
Exit status is 0 if inputs are the same, 1 if different, 2 if trouble.
Report bugs to: bug-diffutils@gnu.org
GNU diffutils home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/>
General help using GNU software: <https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
2. vimdiff
vimdiff 是 Vim 编辑器的一个功能，可用于在 Vim 中比较和合并两个文件或目录。
vimdiff [选项] <文件1> <文件2> [文件3] [文件4]
文件1和文件2是要比较的两个文件，可选的文件3和文件4用于比较四个文件的差异
常用选项：
-d, --diff: 在垂直分割窗口中显示差异。
-o, -O, --horizontal, --vertical: 在水平或垂直方向分割窗口显示文件比较结果。
-c, --cmd <命令>: 在启动时执行指定的 Vim 命令。
2.1 vimdiff 示例
- 比较两个文件并以垂直分割窗口显示差异
vimdiff file1.txt file2.txt
- 比较四个文件并以水平分割窗口显示差异
vimdiff file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt
- 启动时执行指定的 Vim 命令，例如垂直分割窗口并显示行号
vimdiff -c 'vert diffsplit | set nu' file1.txt file2.txt
2.2 vimdiff 操作命令
在使用 vimdiff 进行文件比较时，你可以使用多种命令来查看差异、合并变更、导航文件等。
2.2.1 导航
]c：跳转到下一个差异处。
[c：跳转到上一个差异处。
Ctrl+w, Ctrl+w：在窗口之间切换焦点。
Ctrl+w, j：焦点切换到下方窗口。
Ctrl+w, k：焦点切换到上方窗口。
Ctrl+w, l：焦点切换到右侧窗口。
Ctrl+w, h：焦点切换到左侧窗口。
2.2.2 查看差异
do：将当前差异中的内容合并到另一个文件。
dp：将另一个文件中的内容合并到当前差异。
zo：打开当前差异的折叠内容。
zc：折叠当前差异的内容。
:diffupdate：更新所有差异。
2.2.3 合并变更
:diffget RE：将右侧窗口的内容合并到左侧窗口。
:diffget LE：将左侧窗口的内容合并到右侧窗口。
:diffput RE：将左侧窗口的内容合并到右侧窗口。
:diffput LE：将右侧窗口的内容合并到左侧窗口。
2.2.4 退出 vimdiff
:qa：退出并放弃所有更改。
:wqa：保存更改并退出。
2.3 vimdiff 详细参数解析
VIM - Vi IMproved 8.2 (2019 Dec 12, compiled Mar 14 2024 09:05:11)
Usage: vim [arguments] [file ..] edit specified file(s)
or: vim [arguments] - read text from stdin
or: vim [arguments] -t tag edit file where tag is defined
or: vim [arguments] -q [errorfile] edit file with first error
Arguments:
-- Only file names after this
-v Vi mode (like "vi")
-e Ex mode (like "ex")
-E Improved Ex mode
-s Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
-d Diff mode (like "vimdiff")
-y Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
-R Readonly mode (like "view")
-Z Restricted mode (like "rvim")
-m Modifications (writing files) not allowed
-M Modifications in text not allowed
-b Binary mode
-l Lisp mode
-C Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
-N Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
-V[N][fname] Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
-D Debugging mode
-n No swap file, use memory only
-r List swap files and exit
-r (with file name) Recover crashed session
-L Same as -r
-A Start in Arabic mode
-H Start in Hebrew mode
-T <terminal> Set terminal type to <terminal>
--not-a-term Skip warning for input/output not being a terminal
--ttyfail Exit if input or output is not a terminal
-u <vimrc> Use <vimrc> instead of any .vimrc
--noplugin Don't load plugin scripts
-p[N] Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
-o[N] Open N windows (default: one for each file)
-O[N] Like -o but split vertically
+ Start at end of file
+<lnum> Start at line <lnum>
--cmd <command> Execute <command> before loading any vimrc file
-c <command> Execute <command> after loading the first file
-S <session> Source file <session> after loading the first file
-s <scriptin> Read Normal mode commands from file <scriptin>
-w <scriptout> Append all typed commands to file <scriptout>
-W <scriptout> Write all typed commands to file <scriptout>
-x Edit encrypted files
--startuptime <file> Write startup timing messages to <file>
-i <viminfo> Use <viminfo> instead of .viminfo
--clean 'nocompatible', Vim defaults, no plugins, no viminfo
-h or --help Print Help (this message) and exit
--version Print version information and exit
3. colordiff
colordiff 是一个带有彩色输出的工具，用于比较两个文件的差异。它的使用方法类似于 diff，但是输出结果会以彩色高亮的方式显示差异，使得差异更加清晰易读。不用于 diff vimdiff，colordiff 需要自行安装。
sudo apt install colordiff
常用选项：
-u, --unified[=NUM]：以 Unified diff 格式显示差异，NUM 指定上下文行数，默认为 3。
-y, --side-by-side：以并排方式显示两个文件的差异。
-r, --recursive：递归比较目录及其子目录下的文件。
-w, --ignore-all-space：忽略所有空白字符进行比较。
-C, --show-c-function：在 C 函数内部显示差异。
-N, --new-file：在第一个文件的末尾显示添加的内容。
3.1 示例
- 比较两个文件并以彩色高亮的方式显示差异
colordiff file1.txt file2.txt
- 以 Unified diff 格式显示差异
colordiff -u file1.txt file2.txt
- 递归比较目录及其子目录下的文件
colordiff -r dir1 dir2
- 忽略所有空白字符进行比较
colordiff -w file1.txt file2.txt
- 并排显示两个文件的差异
colordiff -y file1.txt file2.txt
3.2 详细参数解析
Usage: diff [OPTION]... FILES
Compare FILES line by line.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--normal output a normal diff (the default)
-q, --brief report only when files differ
-s, --report-identical-files report when two files are the same
-c, -C NUM, --context[=NUM] output NUM (default 3) lines of copied context
-u, -U NUM, --unified[=NUM] output NUM (default 3) lines of unified context
-e, --ed output an ed script
-n, --rcs output an RCS format diff
-y, --side-by-side output in two columns
-W, --width=NUM output at most NUM (default 130) print columns
--left-column output only the left column of common lines
--suppress-common-lines do not output common lines
-p, --show-c-function show which C function each change is in
-F, --show-function-line=RE show the most recent line matching RE
--label LABEL use LABEL instead of file name and timestamp
(can be repeated)
-t, --expand-tabs expand tabs to spaces in output
-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up by prepending a tab
--tabsize=NUM tab stops every NUM (default 8) print columns
--suppress-blank-empty suppress space or tab before empty output lines
-l, --paginate pass output through 'pr' to paginate it
-r, --recursive recursively compare any subdirectories found
--no-dereference don't follow symbolic links
-N, --new-file treat absent files as empty
--unidirectional-new-file treat absent first files as empty
--ignore-file-name-case ignore case when comparing file names
--no-ignore-file-name-case consider case when comparing file names
-x, --exclude=PAT exclude files that match PAT
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
-S, --starting-file=FILE start with FILE when comparing directories
--from-file=FILE1 compare FILE1 to all operands;
FILE1 can be a directory
--to-file=FILE2 compare all operands to FILE2;
FILE2 can be a directory
-i, --ignore-case ignore case differences in file contents
-E, --ignore-tab-expansion ignore changes due to tab expansion
-Z, --ignore-trailing-space ignore white space at line end
-b, --ignore-space-change ignore changes in the amount of white space
-w, --ignore-all-space ignore all white space
-B, --ignore-blank-lines ignore changes where lines are all blank
-I, --ignore-matching-lines=RE ignore changes where all lines match RE
-a, --text treat all files as text
--strip-trailing-cr strip trailing carriage return on input
-D, --ifdef=NAME output merged file with '#ifdef NAME' diffs
--GTYPE-group-format=GFMT format GTYPE input groups with GFMT
--line-format=LFMT format all input lines with LFMT
--LTYPE-line-format=LFMT format LTYPE input lines with LFMT
These format options provide fine-grained control over the output
of diff, generalizing -D/--ifdef.
LTYPE is 'old', 'new', or 'unchanged'. GTYPE is LTYPE or 'changed'.
GFMT (only) may contain:
%< lines from FILE1
%> lines from FILE2
%= lines common to FILE1 and FILE2
%[-][WIDTH][.[PREC]]{doxX}LETTER printf-style spec for LETTER
LETTERs are as follows for new group, lower case for old group:
F first line number
L last line number
N number of lines = L-F+1
E F-1
M L+1
%(A=B?T:E) if A equals B then T else E
LFMT (only) may contain:
%L contents of line
%l contents of line, excluding any trailing newline
%[-][WIDTH][.[PREC]]{doxX}n printf-style spec for input line number
Both GFMT and LFMT may contain:
%% %
%c'C' the single character C
%c'\OOO' the character with octal code OOO
C the character C (other characters represent themselves)
-d, --minimal try hard to find a smaller set of changes
--horizon-lines=NUM keep NUM lines of the common prefix and suffix
--speed-large-files assume large files and many scattered small changes
--color[=WHEN] color output; WHEN is 'never', 'always', or 'auto';
plain --color means --color='auto'
--palette=PALETTE the colors to use when --color is active; PALETTE is
a colon-separated list of terminfo capabilities
--help display this help and exit
-v, --version output version information and exit
FILES are 'FILE1 FILE2' or 'DIR1 DIR2' or 'DIR FILE' or 'FILE DIR'.
If --from-file or --to-file is given, there are no restrictions on FILE(s).
If a FILE is '-', read standard input.
Exit status is 0 if inputs are the same, 1 if different, 2 if trouble.
Report bugs to: bug-diffutils@gnu.org
GNU diffutils home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/>
General help using GNU software: <https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
总结
| 命令 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|
| diff | 内置于大多数 Linux 系统中，无需额外安装。功能强大，可以生成详细的文本形式的差异报告。 | 输出结果不直观，需要用户仔细阅读和理解。没有图形化界面，对于不习惯命令行操作的用户可能不够友好。 |
| vimdiff | 集成于 Vim 编辑器中，具有丰富的编辑功能。提供交互式的图形化界面，方便用户比较和编辑文件。 | 对于不熟悉 Vim 的用户可能需要一些学习成本。使用命令行打开可能不够直观，需要一定的命令行操作技能。 |
| colordiff | 输出结果使用彩色显示，更直观易懂。对于简单的文件比较，提供了更好的用户体验。 | 与 diff 相比，功能稍显单一，无法生成详细的文本报告。对于复杂的文件比较可能不够灵活。 |
结语
不枉博主详细讲解，欢迎订阅博主–炭烤毛蛋 。
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