TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION I
DATA COMMUNICATION 2
Components 3
NETWORKS 4? tributed Processing 4
Network Criteria 4 Applications 6
PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 7
Protocols 7
Standards 8
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 9
Standards Creation Committees 9
Forums I I
Regulatory Agencies 12
SUMMARY 13
PRACTICE SET 13 Multiple Choice 13 Exercises 15
Chapter 2: BASIC CONCEPTS 17
LINE CONFIGURATION 17
Point-to-Point 18
Multipoint 18
TOPOLOGY 18
Mesh 19
Star 21
Tree 21
Bus 22
Ring 23
Hybrid Topologies 24
TRANSMISSION MODE 24
Simplex 25
Half-Duplex 25
Full-Duplex 25
CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS 26
Local Area Network (LAN) 26
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 28
Wide Area Network (WAN) 28
INTERNETWORKS 29
SUMMARY 30
PRACTICE SET 30
Multiple Choice 30
Exercises 32
Chapter 3: THE OSI MODEL 35
THE MODEL 35
Layered Architecture 35
FUNCTIONS OF THE LAYERS 39
Physical Layer 39
Data Link Layer 40
Network Layer 41
Transport Layer 43
Session Layer 45
Presentation Layer 47
Application Layer 48
Summary of Layer Functions 49
SUMMARY 49
PRACTICE SET 50
Multiple Choice 50
Exercises 53
Chapter 4: SIGNALS 55
ANALOG AND DIGITAL 55
APERIODIC AND PERIODIC SIGNALS 57
Periodic Signals 57
Aperiodic Signals 58
ANALOG SIGNALS 59
Simple Analog Signals 59
Complex Signals 64
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth 65
DIGITAL SIGNALS 67
Amplitude, Period, and Phase 67
Decomposition of a Digital Signal 68
Medium Bandwidth and Significant Bandwidth 69
Medium Bandwidth and Data Rate: Channel Capacity 70
Use of Analog Signals to Transmit Digital Data 71
MATHEMATICAL APPROACH (OPTIONAL) 73
SUMMARY 74
PRACTICE SET 75 Multiple Choice 75 Exercises 77
Chapter 5: ENCODING 79
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL ENCODING 79 Unipolar 80 Polar 82 Bipolar 85
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL ENCODING 90 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 91 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 92 Sampling Rate 94
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG ENCODING 95
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Encoding 95
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 96
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 99
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 101
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 104
Bit/Baud Comparison 106
ANALOG-TO-ANALOG ENCODING 107
Amplitude Modulation (AM) 108
Frequency Modulation (FM) 110
Phase Modulation (PM) 112
SUMMARY112
PRACTICE SET 114 Multiple Choice 114 Exercises 118
Chapter 6:TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL DATA: INTERFACES AND MODEMS 121
DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION 121 Parallel Transmission 122 Serial Transmission 123
DTE-DCE INTERFACE 125 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 126 Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) 126 Standards 127 EIA-232 Interface 127
OTHER INTERFACE STANDARDS 134 EIA-449 134 EIA-530 138 X.21 139
MODEMS 140
Transmission Rate 142
Modem Standards 145
SUMMARY 152
PRACTICE SET 154
Multiple Choice 154
Exercises 160
Chapter 7: TRANSMISSION MEDIA 163
GUIDED MEDIA 164
Twisted-Pair Cable 164
Coaxial Cable 168
Optical Fiber 169
UNGUIDED MEDIA 176
Radio Frequency Allocation 176
Propagation of Radio Waves 176
Terrestrial Microwave 181
Satellite Communication 182
Cellular Telephony 184
PERFORMANCE 187
SUMMARY 188
PRACTICE SET 190
Multiple Choice 190
Exercises 195
Chapter 8: MULTIPLEXING 197
MANY TO ONE/ONE TO MANY 197
TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING 198
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) 199
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) 202
Inverse Multiplexing 209
MULTIPLEXING APPLICATION:
THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM 210
Common Carrier Services and Hierarchies 210
Analog Services 211
Digital Services 213
SUMMARY 219
PRACTICE SET 220
Multiple Choice 220
Exercises 223
Chapter 9: ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION 225
TYPES OF ERRORS 225
Single-Bit Error 226
Multiple-Bit Error 226
Burst Error 227
DETECTION 227
Redundancy 227
Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC) 228
Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC) 230
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 232
Checksum 235
ERROR CORRECTION 237
Single-Bit Error Correction 237
Hamming Code 238
Multiple-Bit Error Correction 241
SUMMARY 242
PRACTICE SET 243
Multiple Choice 243
Exercises 245
Chapter10: DATALINKCONTROL 247
LINE DISCIPLINE 248
ENQ/ACK 248
FLOW CONTROL 253
Stop-and-Wait 253
Sliding Window 255
ERROR CONTROL 258
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 258
Stop-and-Wait ARQ 259 Sliding Window ARQ 261
SUMMARY 267
PRACTICE SET 268 Multiple Choice 268 Exercises 270
Chapter1l: DATA LINK PROTOCOLS 273
ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 274
XMODEM 274
YMODEM 275
ZMODEM 275
BLAST 275
Kermit 275
SYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 276
CHAR ACTER-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS 276
Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC) 277
BSC Frames 278
Data Transparency 281
BIT-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS 282
HDLC 284 Frames 286
More about Frames 291
Link Access Procedures 300
SUMMARY 300
PRACTICE SET 302
Multiple Choice 302
Exercises 304
Chapter 12: LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 307
PROJECT 802 307
IEEE 802.1 309
LLC 309
MAC 309
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) 309
ETHERNET 310
Access Method: CSMA/CD 311
Addressing 312
Electrical Specification 312
Frame Format 312
Implementation 314
TOKEN BUS 319
TOKEN RING 319
Access Method: Token Passing 319
Addressing 321
Electrical Specification 322
Frame Formats 322
Implementation 325
FDDI 327
Access Method: Token Passing 327
Addressing 330
Electrical Specification 330
Frame Format 332
Implementation: Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Layer 333
COMPARISON 335
SUMMARY 335
PRACTICE SET 337
Multiple Choice 337
Exercises 341
Chapter 13:. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS .343
IEEE 802.6 343
Access Method: Dual Bus 343
Distributed Queues 346
Ring Configuration 348
Operation: DQDB Layers 349
Implementation 350
SMDS 351
Connection and Access 352
SUMMARY 353
PRACTICE SET 354
Multiple Choice 354
Exercises 355
Chapter 14: SWITCHING: A NETWORK LAYER FUNCTION 357
CIRCUIT SWITCHING 358
Space-Division Switches 359
Time-Division Switches 362
Space- and Time-Division Switching Combinations 364
PACKET SWITCHING 365
Datagram Approach 366
Virtual Circuit Approach 367
MESSAGE SWITCHING 369
NETWORK LAYER 370
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services 370
SUMMARY 371
PRACTICE SET 372
Multiple Choice 372
Exercises 374
Chapter 15:INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK (ISDN) 375
SERVICES 375
Bearer Services 375
Teleservices 376
Supplementary Services 376
HISTORY 376
Voice Communication over Analog Networks 376
Voice and Data Communication over Analog Networks 377
Analog and Digital Services to Subscribers 377
Integrated Digital Network (IDN) 378
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 379
SUBSCRIBER ACCESS TO THE ISDN 380
B Channels 380
D Channels 380
H Channels 381
User Interfaces 381
Functional Grouping 383
Reference Points 385
THE ISDN LAYERS 385
Physical Layer 387
Data Link Layer 392
Network Layer 394
BROADBAND ISDN 398
Services 399
Physical Specifications 400
SUMMARY 401
PRACTICE SET 403
Multiple Choice 403
Exercises 407
Chapter 16: X.25 409
X.25 LAYERS 409
Physical Layer 410
Data Link Layer 410
Network Layer 410
PACKET LAYER PROTOCOL 411
Information Packets 411
Control Packets 413
Complete Packet Sequence 417
Virtual Channel ID Numbers 418
SUMMARY 419
PRACTICE SET 419
Multiple Choice 419
Exercises 421
Chapter 17: FRAME RELAY 423
FRAME RELAY LAYERS 424
Physical Layer 424
Data Link Layer 425
FRAME RELAY OPERATION 426
Relay 427
Switching 427
Congestion Control 429
IMPLEMENTATION 429
SUMMARY 430
PRACTICE SET 431
Multiple Choice 431
Exercises 432
Chapter 18: ATM 433
DESIGN GOALS 433
Packet Networks 434
Mixed Network Traffic 434
Cell Networks 435
Additional Advantages of ATM 439
ATM TOPOLOGY 440
ATM PRGTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 442
Application Adaptation Layer (AAL) 442
ATM Layer 449
Physical Layer 453
SUMMARY 453
PRACTICE SET 454
Multiple Choice 454
Exercises 456
Chapter 19: SONET/SDH 459
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALS 460
PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION 461
SONET Devices 461
Sections, Lines, and Paths 462
SONET LAYERS 462
Photonic Layer 462
Section Layer 462
Line Layer 463
Path Layer 463
Device-Layer Relationships 463
THE SONET FRAME 463
Frame Format 464
Section Overhead 466
Line Overhead 466
Path Overhead 468
Virtual Tributaries 469
Types of VTs 469
MULTIPLEXING STS FRAMES 470
SUMMARY 471
PRACTICE SET 472
Multiple Choice 472
Exercises 475
Chapter 20:NETWORKING AND INTERNETWORKING
DEVICES 477
REPEATERS 478
Not an Amplifier 480
BRIDGES 480
Types of Bridges 482
ROUTERS 483
Routing Concepts 485
GATEWAYS 487
ROUTING ALGORITHMS 487
Distance Vector Routing 488
Link State Routing 495
SUMMARY 502
PRACTICE SET 503
Multiple Choice 503
Exercises 506
Chapter2l:TRANSPORTLAYER 507
DUTIES OF THE TRANSPORT LAYER 508
End-to-End Delivery 508
Addressing 509
Reliable Delivery 510
Flow Control 513
Multiplexing 514
CONNECTION 516
Connection Establishment 516
Connection Termination 517
THE OSI TRANSPORT PROTOCOL 517
Transport Classes 517
Transport Protocol Data Unit (TPDU) 518
Connection -Oriented and Connectionless Services 519
SUMMARY 520
PRACTICE SET 521
Multiple Choice 521
Exercises 523
Chapter 22: UPPER OSI LAYERS 525
SESSION LAYER 525
Session and Transport Interaction 526
Synchronization Points 527
Session Protocol Data Unit 528
PRESENTATION LAYER 529
Translation 529
Encryption/Decryption 531
Authentication 534
Data Compression 536
APPLICATION LAYER 538
Message Handling System (MHS) 538
File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM) 540
Virtual Terminal (VT) 541
Directory Services (DS) 542
Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) 543
SUMMARY 545
PRACTICE SET 546
Multiple Choice 546
Exercises 548
Chapter 23: TCP/IP 549
OVERVIEW OF TCP/IP 549
TCP/IP and the Internet 549 TCP/IP- and OSI 550 Encapsulation 550
NETWORK LAYER 551
Internetwork Protocol (IP) 551
Other Protocols in the Network Layer 556
TRANSPORT LAYER 558
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 559 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 559
APPLICATION LAYER 562
Domain Name System (DNS) 563
TELNET 564
File Transfer Protocols 566
File Access Using NFS and RPC 568
Electronic Mail: SMTP 569
simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 571
Gopher 573
Archie 573
Veronica 573
Wide Area Information Service (WAIS) 574
Hypertext Transfer protocol (HTTP) 574
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) 574
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 575
Browser Architecture 577
SUMMARY 581
PRACTICE SET 583
Multiple Choice 583
Exercises 590
Appendix A: ASCIIAND EBCDIC CODES593
Appendix B:NUMBERING SYSTEMS AND
TRANSFORMATION 595
Appendix C: REPRESENTATION OF BINARY NUMBERS 607
AppendixvD:ONE’S COMPLEMENT ARITHM ETIC FOR
CHECKSUM CALCULATION 615
Appendix E: FO URIER ANALYSIS 619
Appendix F:HARDWARE EQUIPMENTFOR
ERROR DETECTION 623
Appendix G: HUFFMAN CODING 631
Appendix H: IP VERSION 6 639
ACRONYMS 643
GLOSSARY 647
REFERENCES 675
INDEX 677